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p. 97
Stones, Metals and
Gems
EACH of the four primary
elements as taught by the early philosophers has its analogue in the
quaternary terrestrial constitution of man. The rocks and earth correspond to
the bones and flesh; the water to the various fluids; the air to the gases;
and the fire to the bodily heat. Since the bones are the framework that
sustains the corporeal structure, they may be regarded as a fitting emblem of
the spirit--that divine foundation which supports the composite fabric of
mind, soul, and body. To the initiate, the skeleton of death holding in bony
fingers the reaper's scythe denotes Saturn (Kronos), the father of the gods,
carrying the sickle with which he mutilated Ouranos, his own sire.
In the language of the
Mysteries, the spirits of men are the powdered bones of Saturn. The
latter deity was always worshiped under the symbol of the base or footing,
inasmuch as he was considered to be the substructure upholding creation. The
myth of Saturn has its historical basis in the fragmentary records preserved
by the early Greeks and Phnicians concerning a king by that name who ruled
over the ancient continent of Hyperborea. Polaris, Hyperborea, and Atlantis,
because they lie buried beneath the continents and oceans of the modern world,
have frequently been symbolized as rocks supporting upon their broad surfaces
new lands, races, and empires. According to the Scandinavian Mysteries, the
stones and cliffs were formed from the bones of Ymir, the primordial giant of
the seething clay, while to the Hellenic mystics the rocks were the
bones of the Great Mother, Gæa.
After the deluge sent by the
gods to destroy mankind at the close of the Iron Age, only Deucalion and
Pyrrha were left alive. Entering a ruined sanctuary to pray, they were
directed by an oracle to depart from the temple and with heads veiled and
garments unbound cast behind them the bones of their mother. Construing the
cryptic message of the god to mean that the earth was the Great Mother of all
creatures, Deucalion picked up loose rocks and, bidding Pyrrha do likewise,
cast them behind him. From these rocks there sprang forth a new and stalwart
race of human beings, the rocks thrown by Deucalion becoming men and those
thrown by Pyrrha becoming women. In this allegory is epitomized the mystery of
human evolution; for spirit, by ensouling matter, becomes that indwelling
power which gradually but sequentially raises the mineral to the status of the
plant; the plant to the plane of the animal; the animal to the dignity of man;
and man to the estate of the gods.
The solar system was organized
by forces operating inward from the great ring of the Saturnian sphere; and
since the beginnings of all things were under the control of Saturn, the most
reasonable inference is that the first forms of worship were dedicated to him
and his peculiar symbol--the stone. Thus the intrinsic nature of Saturn is
synonymous with that spiritual rock which is the enduring foundation of the
Solar Temple, and has its antitypc or lower octave in that terrestrial
rock--the planet Earth--which sustains upon its jagged surface the diversified
genera of mundane life.
Although its origin is
uncertain, litholatry undoubtedly constitutes one of the earliest forms of
religious expression. "Throughout all the world, " writes Godfrey Higgins,
"the first object of Idolatry seems to have been a plain, unwrought stone,
placed in the ground, as an emblem of the generative or procreative powers of
nature." (See The Celtic Druids.) Remnants of stone worship are
distributed over the greater part of the earth's surface, a notable example
being the menhirs at Carnac, in Brittany, where several thousand gigantic
uncut stones are arranged in eleven orderly rows. Many of these monoliths
stand over twenty feet out of the sand in which they are embedded, and it has
been calculated that some of the larger ones weigh as much as 250,000 pounds.
By some it is believed that certain of the menhirs mark the location of buried
treasure, but the most plausible view is that which regards Carnac as a
monument to the astronomical knowledge of antiquity. Scattered throughout the
British Isles and Europe, these cairns, dolmens, menhirs, and cistvaens stand
as mute but eloquent testimonials to the existence and achievements of races
now extinct.
Of particular interest are the
rocking or logan stones, which evince the mechanical skill of these early
peoples. These relics consist of enormous boulders poised upon one or two
small points in such a manner that the slightest pressure will sway them, but
the greatest effort is not sufficient to overthrow them. These were called
living stones by the Greeks and Latins, the most famous one being the
Gygorian stone in the Strait of Gibraltar. Though so perfectly balanced that
it could be moved with the stalk of a daffodil, this rock could not be upset
by the combined weight of many men. There is a legend that Hercules raised a
rocking stone over the graves of the two sons of Boreas whom he had killed in
combat. This stone was so delicately poised that it swayed back and forth with
the wind, but no application of force could overturn it. A number of logan
stones have been found in Britain, traces of one no longer standing having
been discovered in Stonehenge. (See The Celtic Druids.) It is
interesting to note that the green stones forming the inner ring of Stonehenge
are believed to have been brought from Africa.
In many cases the monoliths are
without carving or inscription, for they undoubtedly antedate both the use of
tools and the art of writing. In some instances the stones have been trued
into columns or obelisks, as in the runic monuments and the Hindu lingams
and sakti stones; in other instances they are fashioned into rough
likenesses of the human body, as in the Easter Island statues, or into the
elaborately sculptured figures of the Central American Indians and the
Khmers of Cambodia. The first rough-stone images can hardly be considered
as effigies of any particular deity but rather as the crude effort of
primitive man to portray in the enduring qualities of stone the procreative
attributes of abstract Divinity. An instinctive recognition of the stability
of Deity has persisted through all the intervening ages between primitive man
and modem civilization. Ample proof of the survival of litholatry in the
Christian faith is furnished by allusions to the rock of refuge, the
rock upon which the church of Christ was to be founded, the corner
stone which the builders rejected, Jacob's stony pillow which he
set up and anointed with oil, the sling stone of David, the rock
Moriah upon which the altar of King Solomon's Temple was erected, the
white stone of Revelation, and the Rock of Ages.
Stones were highly venerated by
prehistoric peoples primarily because of their usefulness. Jagged bits of
stone were probably man's first weapons; rocky cliffs and crags constituted
his first fortifications, and from these vantage points he hurled loose
boulders down upon marauders. In caverns or rude huts fashioned from slabs of
rock the first humans protected themselves from the rigors of the elements.
Stones were set up as markers and monuments to primitive achievement; they
were also placed upon the graves of the dead, probably as a precautionary
measure to prevent the depredations of wild beasts. During migrations, it was
apparently customary for primitive peoples to carry about with them stones
taken from their original habitat. As the homeland or birthplace of a race was
considered sacred, these stones were emblematic of that universal regard
shared by all nations for the place of their geniture. The discovery that fire
could be produced by striking together two pieces of stone augmented man's
reverence for stones, but ultimately the hitherto unsuspected world of wonders
opened by the newly discovered element of fire caused pyrolatry to supplant
stone worship. The dark, cold Father--stone--gave birth out of itself to the
bright, glowing Son-fire; and the newly born flame, by displacing its parent,
became the most impressive and mysterious of all religio-philosophic symbols,
widespread and enduring through the ages.
SATURN SWALLOWING THE STONE SUBSTITUTED FOR JUPITER.
From Catrari's Imagini degli
Dei degli Antichi.
Saturn, having been warned by
his parents that one of his own children would dethrone him, devoured each
child at birth. At last Rhea, his wife, in order to save Jupiter, her sixth
child substituted for him a rock enveloped in swaddling clothes--which Saturn,
ignorant of the deception practiced upon him, immediately swallowed. Jupiter
was concealed on the island of Crete until he attained manhood, when he forced
his father to disgorge the five children he had eaten. The stone swallowed by
Saturn in lieu of his youngest son was placed by Jupiter at Delphi, where it
was held in great veneration and was daily anointed.
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The body of every thing
was likened to a rock, trued either into a cube or more ornately chiseled to
form a pedestal, while the spirit of everything was likened to the elaborately
carved figure surmounting it. Accordingly, altars were erected as a symbol of
the lower world, and fires were kept burning upon them to represent that
spiritual essence illuminating the body it surmounted. The square is actually
one surface of a cube, its corresponding figure in plane geometry, and its
proper philosophic symbol. Consequently, when considering the earth as an
element and not as a body, the Greeks, Brahmins, and Egyptians always referred
to its four corners, although they were fully aware that the planet itself was
a sphere.
Because their doctrines were
the sure foundation of all knowledge and the first step in the attainment of
conscious immortality, the Mysteries were often represented as cubical or
pyramidal stones. Conversely, these stones themselves became the emblem of
that condition of self-achieved godhood. The unchangeability of the stone made
it an appropriate emblem of God--the immovable and unchangeable Source of
Existence--and also of the divine sciences--the eternal revelation of Himself
to mankind. As the personification of the rational intellect, which is the
true foundation of human life, Mercury, or Hermes, was symbolized in a like
manner. Square or cylindrical pillars, surmounted by a bearded head of Hermes
and called hermæ, were set up in public places. Terminus, a form of Jupiter
and god of boundaries and highways, from whose name is derived the modern word
terminal, was also symbolized by an upright stone, sometimes ornamented
with the head of the god, which was placed at the borders of provinces and the
intersections of important roads.
The philosopher's stone
is really the philosophical stone, for philosophy is truly likened to a
magic jewel whose touch transmutes base substances into priceless gems like
itself. Wisdom is the alchemist's powder of projection which transforms
many thousand times its own weight of gross ignorance into the precious
substance of enlightenment.
THE TABLETS OF THE LAW
While upon the heights of Mount
Sinai, Moses received from Jehovah two tablets bearing the characters of the
Decalogue traced by the very finger of Israel's God. These tables were
fashioned from the divine sapphire, Schethiyâ, which the Most High, after
removing from His own throne, had cast into the Abyss to become the foundation
and generator of the worlds. This sacred stone, formed of heavenly dew, was
sundered by the breath of God, and upon the two parts were drawn in black fire
the figures of the Law. These precious inscriptions, aglow with celestial
splendor, were delivered by the Lord on the Sabbath day into the hands of
Moses, who was able to read the illumined letters from the reverse side
because of the transparency of the great jewel. (See The Secret Doctrine in
Israel or The Zohar for details of this legend.)
The Ten Commandments are the
ten shining gems placed by the Holy One in the sapphire sea of Being, and in
the depths of matter the reflections of these jewels are seen as the laws
governing the sublunary spheres. They are the sacred ten by which the Supreme
Deity has stamped His will upon the face of Nature. This same decad was
celebrated by the Pythagoreans under the form of the tetractys--that triangle
of spermatic points which reveals to the initiated the whole working of the
cosmic scheme; for ten is the number of perfection, the key to creation, and
the proper symbol of God, man, and the universe.
Because of the idolatry of the
Israelites, Moses deemed the people unworthy to receive the sapphire tables;
hence he destroyed them, that the Mysteries of Jehovah should not be violated.
For the original set Moses substituted two tablets of rough stone into the
surface of which he had cut ten ancient letters. While the former
tables--partaking of the divinity of the Tree of Life--blazed forth eternal
verities, the latter--partaking of the nature of the Tree of Good and
Evil--revealed only temporal truths. Thus the ancient tradition of Israel
returned again to heaven, leaving only its shadow with the children of the
twelve tribes.
One of the two tables of stone
delivered by the Lawgiver to his followers stood for the oral, the other for
the written traditions upon which the Rabbinical School was founded.
Authorities differ widely as to the size and substance of the inferior tables.
Some describe them as being so small that they could be held in the hollow of
a man's hand; others declare that each table was ten or twelve cubits in
length and of enormous weight. A few even deny that the tables were of stone,
maintaining that they were of a wood called sedr, which, according to
the Mohammedans, grows profusely in Paradise.
The two tables signify
respectively the superior and the inferior worlds--the paternal and the
maternal formative principles. In their undivided state they represent the
Cosmic Androgyne. The breaking of the tables signifies obscurely the
separation of the superior and the inferior spheres and also the division of
the sexes. In the religious processionals of the Greeks and Egyptians an ark
or ship was carried which contained stone tablets, cones, and vessels of
various shapes emblematic of the procreative processes. The Ark of the
Israelites--which was patterned after the sacred chests of the Isiac
Mysteries--contained three holy objects, each having an important phallic
interpretation: the pot of manna, the rod that budded, and the Tablets of the
Law--the first, second, and third Principles of the Creative Triad. The manna,
the blossoming staff, and the stone tables are also appropriate images
respectively of the Qabbalah, the Mishna, and the written law--the spirit,
soul, and body of Judaism. When placed in King Solomon's Everlasting House,
the Ark of the Covenant contained only the Tablets of the Law. Does this
indicate that even at that early date the secret tradition had been lost and
the letter of the revelation alone remained?
As representing the power that
fabricated the lower, or Demiurgic, sphere, the tablets of stone were sacred
to Jehovah in contradistinction to the tablets of sapphire that signified the
potency that established the higher, or celestial, sphere. Without doubt the
Mosaic tablets have their prototype in the stone pillars or obelisks placed on
either side of the entrance to pagan temples. These columns may pertain to
that remote time when men worshiped the Creator through His zodiacal sign of
Gemini, the symbol of which is still the phallic pillars of the Celestial
Twins. "The Ten Commandments, writes Hargrave Jennings, "are inscribed in two
groups of five each, in columnar form. The five to the right (looking from the
altar) mean the 'Law'; the five to the left mean the 'Prophets.' The right
stone is masculine, the left stone is feminine. They correspond to the two
disjoined pillars of stone (or towers) in the front of every cathedral, and of
every temple in the heathen times." (See The Rosicrucians: Their Rites and
Mysteries.) The same author states that the Law is masculine because it
was delivered direct from the Deity, while the Prophets, or Gospels, were
feminine because born through the nature of man.
The right Tablet of the Law
further signifies Jachin--the white pillar of light; the left Tablet,
Boaz--the shadowy pillar of darkness. These were the names of the two
pillars cast from brass set up on the porch of King Solomon's Temple. They
were eighteen cubits in height and beautifully ornamented with wreaths of
chainwork, nets, and pomegranates. On the top of each pillar was a large
bowl--now erroneously called a ball or globe--one of the bowls probably
containing fire and the other water. The celestial globe (originally the bowl
of fire), surmounting the right-hand column (Jachin), symbolized the divine
man; the terrestrial globe (the bowl of water), surmounting the left-hand
column (Boaz), signified the earthly man. These two pillars respectively
connote also the active and the passive expressions of Divine Energy, the sun
and the moon, sulphur and salt, good and bad, light and darkness. Between them
is the door leading into the House of God, and standing thus at the gates of
Sanctuary they are a reminder that Jehovah is both an androgynous and an
anthropomorphic deity. As two parallel columns they denote the zodiacal signs
of Cancer and Capricorn, which were formerly placed in the chamber of
initiation to represent birth and death--the extremes of physical life. They
accordingly signify the summer and the winter solstices, now known to
Freemasons under the comparatively modern appellation of the "two St. Johns."
In the mysterious Sephirothic
Tree of the Jews, these two pillars symbolize Mercy and Severity. Standing
before the gate of King Solomon's Temple, these columns had the same symbolic
import as the obelisks before the sanctuaries of Egypt. When interpreted
Qabbalistically, the names of the two pillars mean "In strength shall
MOSES RECEIVING THE TABLES OF THE LAW.
From an old Bible.
Moses Maimonides, the great
Jewish Philosopher of the twelfth century, in describing the Tables of the Law
written by the finger of God, divides all productions into two general orders:
products of Nature and products of art. God works through Nature and man
through art, he asserts in his Guide for the Perplexed. Thus the Word
of the Lord is the hand, or active principle, by which the will of the Creator
is traced upon the face of His creation. The Tannaim, or initiates of
the Jewish Mystery School, alone possessed a complete understanding of the
significance of the Ten Commandments. These laws are esoterically related to
the ten degrees of contemplation constituting the Path of Ecstasy, which winds
upward through he four worlds and ends in the effulgence of AIN SOPH.
p. 99
[paragraph
continues] My House be established. "In the splendor of
mental and spiritual illumination, the High Priest stood between the pillars
as a mute witness to the perfect virtue of equilibrium--that hypothetical
point equidistant from all extremes. He thus personified the divine nature of
man in the midst of his compound constitution--the mysterious Pythagorean
Monad in the presence of the Duad. On one side towered the stupendous column
of the intellect; on the other, the brazen pillar of the flesh. Midway between
these two stands the glorified wise man, but he cannot reach this high estate
without first suffering upon the cross made by joining these pillars together.
The early Jews occasionally represented the two pillars, Jachin and Boaz, as
the legs of Jehovah, thereby signifying to the modern philosopher that Wisdom
and Love, in their most exalted sense, support the whole order of
creation--both mundane and supermundane.
THE HOLY GRAIL
Like the sapphire Schethiyâ,
the Lapis Exilis, crown jewel of the Archangel Lucifer, fell from
heaven. Michael, archangel of the sun and the Hidden God of Israel, at the
head of the angelic hosts swooped down upon Lucifer and his legions of
rebellious spirits. During the conflict, Michael with his flaming sword struck
the flashing Lapis Exilis from the coronet of his adversary, and the
green stone fell through all the celestial rings into the dark and
immeasurable Abyss. Out of Lucifer's radiant gem was fashioned the Sangreal,
or Holy Grail, from which Christ is said to have drunk at the Last Supper.
Though some controversy exists
as to whether the Grail was a cup or a platter, it is generally depicted in
art as a chalice of considerable size and unusual beauty. According to the
legend, Joseph of Arimathea brought the Grail Cup to the place of the
crucifixion and in it caught the blood pouring from the wounds of the dying
Nazarene. Later Joseph, who had become custodian of the sacred relics--the
Sangreal and the Spear of Longinus--carried them into a distant country.
According to one version, his descendants finally placed these relics in
Glastonbury Abbey in England; according to another, in a wonderful castle on
Mount Salvat, Spain, built by angels in a single night. Under the name of
Preston John, Parsifal, the last of the Grail Kings, carried the Holy Cup with
him into India, and it disappeared forever from the Western World. Subsequent
search for the Sangreal was the motif for much of the knight errantry of the
Arthurian legends and the ceremonials of the Round Table. (See the Morte
d'Arthur.)
No adequate interpretation has
ever been given to the Grail Mysteries. Some believe the Knights of the Holy
Grail to have been a powerful organization of Christian mystics perpetuating
the Ancient Wisdom under the rituals and sacraments of the oracular Cup. The
quest for the Holy Grail is the eternal search for truth, and Albert G. Mackey
sees in it a variation of the Masonic legend of the Lost Word so long sought
by the brethren of the Craft. There is also evidence to support the claim that
the story of the Grail is an elaboration of an early pagan Nature myth which
has been preserved by reason of the subtle manner in which it was engrafted
upon the cult of Christianity. From this particular viewpoint, the Holy Grail
is undoubtedly a type of the ark or vessel in which the life of the world is
preserved and therefore is significant of the body of the Great
Mother--Nature. Its green color relates it to Venus and to the mystery of
generation; also to the Islamic faith, whose sacred color is green and whose
Sabbath is Friday, the day of Venus.
The Holy Grail is a symbol both
of the lower (or irrational) world and of the bodily nature of man, because
both are receptacles for the living essences of the superior worlds. Such is
the mystery of the redeeming blood which, descending into the condition of
death, overcomes the last enemy by ensouling all substance with its own
immortality. To the Christian, whose mystic faith especially emphasizes the
love element, the Holy Grail typifies the heart in which continually swirls
the living water of eternal life. Moreover, to the Christian, the search for
the Holy Grail is the search for the real Self which, when found, is the
consummation of the magnum opus.
The Holy Cup can be discovered
only by those who have raised themselves above the limitations of sensuous
existence. In his mystic poem, The Vision of Sir Launfal, James Russell
Lowell discloses the true nature of the Holy Grail by showing that it is
visible only to a certain state of spiritual consciousness. Only upon
returning from the vain pursuit of haughty ambition did the aged and broken
knight see in the transformed leper's cup the glowing chalice of his lifelong
dream. Some writers trace a similarity between the Grail legend and the
stories of the martyred Sun Gods whose blood, descending from heaven into the
earth, was caught in the cup of matter and liberated therefrom by the
initiatory rites. The Holy Grail may also be the seed pod so frequently
employed in the ancient Mysteries as an emblem of germination and
resurrection; and if the cuplike shape of the Grail be derived from the
flower, it signifies the regeneration and spiritualization of the generative
forces in man.
There are many accounts of
stone images which, because of the substances entering into their composition
and the ceremonials attendant upon their construction, were ensouled by the
divinities whom they were created to resemble. To such images were ascribed
various human faculties and powers, such as speech, thought, and even motion.
While renegade priests doubtless resorted to trickery--an instance of which is
related in a curious apocryphal fragment entitled Bel and the Dragon
and supposedly deleted from the end of the Book of Daniel--many of the
phenomena recorded in connection with sanctified statues and relics can hardly
be explained unless the work of supernatural agencies be admitted.
History records the existence
of stones which, when struck, threw all who heard the sound into a state of
ecstasy. There were also echoing images which whispered for hours after the
room itself had become silent, and musical stones productive of the sweetest
harmonies. In recognition of the sanctity which the Greeks and Latins ascribed
to stones, they placed their hands upon certain consecrated pillars when
taking an oath. In ancient times stones played a part in determining the fate
of accused persons, for it was customary for juries to reach their verdicts by
dropping pebbles into a bag.
Divination by stones was often
resorted to by the Greeks, and Helena is said to have foretold by lithomancy
the destruction of Troy. Many popular superstitions about stones survive the
so-called Dark Ages. Chief among these is the one concerning the famous black
stone in the seat of the coronation chair in Westminster Abbey, which is
declared to be the actual rock used by Jacob as a pillow. The black stone also
appears several times in religious symbolism. It was called Heliogabalus,
a word presumably derived from Elagabal, the Syro-Phnician sun god.
This stone was sacred to the sun and declared to possess great and diversified
properties. The black stone in the Caaba at Mecca is still revered throughout
the Mohammedan world. It is said to have been white originally and of such
brilliancy that it could be seen many days' journey from Mecca, but as ages
passed it became blackened by the tears of pilgrims and the sins of the world.
THE MAGIC OF METALS AND
GEMS
According to the teachings of
the Mysteries, the rays of the celestial bodies, striking the crystallizing
influences of the lower world, become the various elements. Partaking of the
astral virtues of their source, these elements neutralize certain unbalanced
forms of celestial activity and, when properly combined, contribute much to
the well-being of man. Little is known today concerning these magical
properties, but the modern world may yet find it profitable to consider the
findings of the early philosophers who determined these relationships by
extensive experimentation. Out of such research arose the practice of
identifying the metals with the bones of the various deities. For example, the
Egyptians, according to Manetho, considered iron to be the bone of Mars and
the lodestone the bone of Horus. By analogy, lead would be the physical
skeleton of Saturn, copper of Venus, quicksilver of Mercury, gold of the sun,
silver of the moon, and antimony of the earth. It is possible that uranium
EXAMPLES OF HERMÆ.
From Christie's
Disquisitions upon the Painted Greek Vases.
The Primitive custom of
worshiping the gods in the form of heaps of stones gave place to the practice
of erecting phallic pillars, or cones, in their honor. These columns differed
widely in size and appearance. Some were of gigantic proportions and were
richly ornamented with inscriptions or likenesses of the gods and heroes;
others--like the votive offerings of the Babylonians--were but a few inches
high, without ornament, and merely bore a brief statement of the purpose for
which they had been prepared or a hymn to the god of the temple in which they
were placed. These small baked clay cones were identical in their symbolic
meaning with the large hermæ set up by the roadside and in other public
places. Later the upper end of the column was surmounted by a human head.
Often two projections, or tenons, corresponding to shoulders were placed, one
on either side, to support the wreaths of flowers adorning the columns.
Offerings, usually of food, were placed near the hermæ. Occasionally these
columns were used to uphold roofs and were numbered among the art objects
ornamenting the villas of wealthy Romans.
p. 100
will prove to be the metal of
Uranus and radium to be the metal of Neptune.
The four Ages of the
Greek mystics--the Golden Age, the Silver Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron
Age--are metaphoric expressions referring to the four major periods in the
life of all things. In the divisions of the day they signify dawn, midday,
sunset, and midnight; in the duration of gods, men, and universes, they denote
the periods of birth, growth, maturity, and decay. The Greek Ages also bear a
close correspondence to the four Yugas of the Hindus: Krita-Yuga,
Treta-Yuga, Dvapara-Yuga, and Kali-Yuga. Their method of
calculation is described by Ullamudeian as follows: "In each of the 12 signs
there are 1800 minutes; multiply this number by 12 you have 21600; e.g. 1800 X
12=21600. Multiply this 21600 by 80 and it will give 1,728,000, which is the
duration of the first age, called Krita-Yuga. If the same number be
multiplied by 60, it will give 1,296,000, the years of the second age,
Treta-Yuga. The same number multiplied by 40 gives 864,000, the length of
the third age, Dvapara-Yuga. The same multiplied by 20 gives 432,000,
the fourth age, Kali-Yuga." (It will be noted that these multipliers
decrease in inverse ratio to the Pythagorean tetractys: 1, 2, 3, and 4.)
H. P. Blavatsky declares that
Orpheus taught his followers how to affect a whole audience by means of a
lodestone, and that Pythagoras paid particular attention to the color and
nature of precious stones. She adds: "The Buddhists assert that the sapphire
produces peace of mind, equanimity, and chases all evil thoughts by
establishing a healthy circulation in man. So does an electric battery, with
its well-directed fluid, say our electricians. 'The sapphire,' say the
Buddhists, 'will open barred doors and dwellings (for the spirit of man); it
produces a desire for prayer, and brings with it more peace than any other
gem; but he who would wear it must lead a pure and holy life."' (See Isis
Unveiled.)
Mythology abounds with accounts
of magical rings and talismanic jewels. In the second book of his Republic,
Plato describes a ring which, when the collet was turned in ward, rendered its
wearer invisible. With this Gyges, the shepherd, secured for himself the
throne of Lydia. Josephus also describes magical rings designed by Moses and
King Solomon, and Aristotle mentions one which brought love and honor to its
possessor. In his chapter dealing with the subject, Henry Cornelius Agrippa
not only mentions the same rings, but states, upon the authority of
Philostratus Jarchus, that Apollonius of Tyana extended his life to over 20
years with the aid of seven magical rings presented to him by an East Indian
prince. Each of these seven rings was set with a gem partaking of the nature
of one of the seven ruling planets of the week, and by daily changing the
rings Apollonius protected himself against sickness and death by the
intervention of the planetary influences. The philosopher also instructed his
disciples in the virtues of these talismanic jewels, considering such
information to be indispensable to the theurgist. Agrippa describes the
preparation of magical rings as follows: "When any Star [planet] ascends
fortunately, with the fortunate aspect or conjunction of the Moon, we must
take a stone and herb that is under that Star, and make a ring of the metal
that is suitable to this Star, and in it fasten the stone, putting the herb or
root under it-not omitting the inscriptions of images, names, and characters,
as also the proper suffumigations." (See Three Books of Occult Philosophy.)
The ring has long been regarded
as the symbol of attainment, perfection, and immortality-the last because the
circlet of precious metal had neither beginning nor end. In the Mysteries,
rings chased to resemble a serpent with its tail in its mouth were worn by the
initiates as material evidence of the position reached by them in the order.
Signet rings, engraved with certain secret emblems, were worn by the
hierophants, and it was not uncommon for a messenger to prove that he was the
official representative of a prince or other dignitary by bringing with his
message either an impression from his master's ring or the signet itself. The
wedding ring originally was intended to imply that in the nature of the one
who wore it the state of equilibrium and completion had been attained. This
plain band of gold therefore bore witness of the union of the Higher Self
(God) with the lower self (Nature) and the ceremony consummating this
indissoluble blending of Divinity and humanity in the one nature of the
initiated mystic constituted the hermetic marriage of the Mysteries.
In describing the regalia of a
magician, Eliphas Levi declares that on Sunday (the day of the sun) he should
carry in his right hand a golden wand, set with a ruby or chrysolite; on
Monday (the day of the moon) he should wear a collar of three strands
consisting of pearls, crystals, and selenites; on Tuesday (the day of Mars) he
should carry a wand of magnetized steel and a ring of the same metal set with
an amethyst, on Wednesday (the day of Mercury) he should wear a necklace of
pearls or glass beads containing mercury, and a ring set with an agate; on
Thursday (the day of Jupiter) he should carry a wand of glass or resin and
wear a ring set with an emerald or a sapphire; on Friday (the day of Venus) he
should carry a wand of polished copper and wear a ring set with a turquoise
and a crown or diadem decorated with lapis lazuli and beryl; and on Saturday
(the day of Saturn) he should carry a wand ornamented with onyx stone and wear
a ring set with onyx and a chain about the neck formed of lead. (See The
Magical Ritual of the Sanctum Regnum.)
Paracelsus, Agrippa, Kircher,
Lilly, and numerous other magicians and astrologers have tabulated the gems
and stones corresponding to the various planets and zodiacal signs. The
following list has been compiled from their writings. To the sun is assigned
the carbuncle, ruby, garnet---especially the pyrope--and other fiery stones,
sometimes the diamond; to the moon, the pearl, selenite, and other forms of
crystal; to Saturn, the onyx, jasper, topaz, and sometimes the lapis lazuli;
to Jupiter, the sapphire, emerald, and marble; to Mars, the amethyst,
hyacinth, lodestone, sometimes the diamond; to Venus, the turquoise, beryl,
emerald, and sometimes the pearl, alabaster, coral, and carnelian; to Mercury,
the chrysolite, agate, and variegated marble.
To the zodiac the same
authorities assigned the following gems and stones: To Aries the sardonyx,
bloodstone, amethyst, and diamond; to Taurus the carnelian, turquoise,
hyacinth, sapphire, moss agate, and emerald; to Gemini the topaz, agate,
chrysoprase, crystal, and aquamarine; to Cancer the topaz, chalcedony, black
onyx, moonstone, pearl, cat's-eye, crystal, and sometimes the emerald; to Leo
the jasper, sardonyx, beryl, ruby, chrysolite, amber, tourmaline, sometimes
the diamond; to Virgo the emerald, camelian, jade, chrysolite, and sometimes
the pink jasper and hyacinth; to Libra the beryl, sardius, coral, lapis
lazuli, opal, and sometimes the diamond; to Scorpio the amethyst, beryl,
sardonyx, aquamarine, carbuncle, lodestone, topaz, and malachite; to
Sagittarius die hyacinth, topaz, chrysolite, emerald, carbuncle, and
turquoise; to Capricorn the chrysoprase, ruby, malachite, black onyx, white
onyx, jet, and moonstone; to Aquarius the crystal, sapphire, garnet, zircon,
and opal; to Pisces the sapphire, jasper, chrysolite, moonstone, and amethyst
Both the magic mirror and the
crystal ball are symbols little understood. Woe to that benighted mortal who
accepts literally the stories circulated concerning them! He will
discover--often at the cost of sanity and health--that sorcery and philosophy,
while often confused, have nothing in common. The Persian Magi carried mirrors
as an emblem of the material sphere which reflects Divinity from its every
part. The crystal ball, long misused as a medium for the cultivation of
psychical powers, is a threefold symbol: (1) it signifies the crystalline
Universal Egg in whose transparent depths creation exists; (2) it is a
proper figure of Deity previous to Its immersion in matter; (3) it signifies
the ætheric sphere of the world in whose translucent essences is impressed and
preserved the perfect image of all terrestrial activity.
Meteors, or rocks from heaven,
were considered tokens of divine favor and enshrined as evidence of a pact
between the gods and the community in which they fell. Curiously marked or
chipped natural stones are occasionally found. In China there is a slab of
marble the grain of which forms a perfect likeness of the Chinese dragon. The
Oberammergau stone, chipped by Nature into a close resemblance to the popular
conception of the face of Christ, is so remarkable that even the crowned heads
of Europe requested the privilege of beholding it. Stones of such nature were
held in the highest esteem among primitive peoples and even today exert a wide
influence upon the religiously-minded.
THE PYTHAGOREAN SIGNET RING.
From Cartari's Imagini degli
Dei degli Antichi.
The number five was peculiarly
associated by the Pythagoreans with the art of healing, and the pentagram, or
five-pointed star, was to them the symbol of health. The above figure
represents a magical ring set with a talismanic gem bearing the pentalpha,
or star formed by five different positions of the Greek Alpha. On this
subject Mackey writes: "The disciples of Pythagoras, who were indeed its real
inventors, placed within each of its interior angles one of the letters of the
Greek word ΥΓΕΙΑ, or the Latin one SALUS, both of which signify health;
and thus it was made the talisman of health. They placed it at the beginning
of their epistles as a greeting to invoke a secure health to their
correspondent. But its use was not confined to the disciples of Pythagoras. As
a talisman, it was employed all over the East as a charm to resist evil
spirits."
Next: Ceremonial Magic and Sorcery