10,000 Famous Freemasons By William R. Denslow

10,000 FAMOUS

FREEMASONS

WILLIAM R. DENSLOW

Volume I

A- D

Foreword by

HARRY S. TRUMAN, P.G.M.
Past Master, Missouri Lodge of Research

Published by
Macoy Publishing & Masonic Supply Co., Inc.
Richmond, Virginia

It is a great pleasure and satisfaction to me that the Missouri Lodge of Research is to publish four volumes containing the biographies of ten thousand or more Freemasons who have contributed to the history of the Free World.

We know that research is the most important step in the study of history. Comprehensive and accurate information must be available for those who would interpret trends in world happenings.

History is made by men. It is therefore necessary to know about the men who have made history. In the study of the past we must know the motives that inspired men who made history. Events and dates are of no value unless we can discover what caused those events at the dates stated in what passes for history.

Plutarch in Roman times and Abbott in recent times wrote biographies of great men. Thousands of words about the subjects of these biographies have been written by other famous men—Shakespeare, for instance, and Milton and Emerson and Toynbee.

Perhaps these Masonic biographies will cause future historians, authors and playwrights to appreciate what has been done since these great books were written. Then people of future generations will have a fair basis for the evaluation of our times.

This is the first of four projected volumes entitled 10,000 Famous Freemasons, a much needed Masonic research project, sponsored by the Missouri Lodge of Research.

Perhaps the title is misleading, for the men listed herein, in the main, have not been famous primarily for their contributions to Freemasonry, but they are 10,000 famous or interesting personalities who have made their names in other fields. However, they have been, or are, members of the fraternity. There are hundreds of professional Freemasons and thousands of Masonic dignitaries who will not be mentioned. Their biographies have been inscribed in the various proceedings and annals of Freemasonry and will not be given here. A few national heads, founders and Masonic authors will be the exceptions.

These volumes do not cover any particular country or time, but, on the contrary, are world-wide in scope and cover the famous men from the beginnings of Freemasonry down to, and including, the present year.

Many volumes and pamphlets have been written on "Famous Freemasons." This work will exceed them all in scope, and, we hope, in accuracy. Nevertheless it is only a start on the vast amount of material that is available in the field of Masonic biography. It is a continuing process and tomorrow may lift a brother to prominence or rob another of his laurels.

It is difficult to establish a criteria for inclusion in these volumes. The reader will note, for instance, that many famous Freemasons have been overlooked, whereas many famous men who were anti-Masons are included. Former members who have been "back sliders" are noted as such when it comes to our attention and famous men who have been expelled are listed also. We have given the facts and have not attempted to claim what was not ours.

The last volume of this series will include an addenda of the many worthy brethren who have been omitted, and we will rely on our readers to bring these names to our attention so that they may be included.

To understand the difficulties in preparing a volume of this type, let us explain how it has been accomplished. Five years ago, we microfilmed and reprinted several thousand biographical cards in the library of the House of the Temple, Supreme Council, 33°, AASR (SJ). This kind gesture of the Southern Supreme Council is appreciated. This basic card file started our research. In the intervening five years, we have increased our 3 x 5 reference file from the original group to the amazing total of approximately 60,000 cards. To do this, we have read, marked and pasted on 3 x 5 cards, all the biographies in the current Who's Who, the two volumes of Who Was Who and the Who's Who Supplements. The majority of our references, however, have come from thousands of Masonic books and periodicals which we have indexed during this period. This is a continuing process, and we add a dozen or more biographical cards a day to our files. This card file is supplemented by an extensive biographical file for more lengthy material.

We already have mentioned the valuable assistance given by the Scottish Rite, Southern Jurisdiction, for the part it contributed to this project. The York Rite also has donated heavily by paying the salary of the author and his staff of The Royal Arch Mason magazine for the many hours they have spent working on these volumes. They have bought card files, cards, books and other material that has been necessary in compiling the original material. The contribution of the General Grand Chapter, Royal Arch Masons will run into five figures before the project is completed.

The compiler wishes to express his appreciation to Ray V. Denslow, Nada W. Hoffman and Juanita D. Denslow for their help in copyreading and proofreading and to Hazel H. Jackson for maintaining the card files.

These volumes will stand as a memorial to the criticism of our detractors. What other group of men in the world has accomplished so much? A perusal of these biographies will indicate that a great proportion of the liberators, patriots, royalty, explorers, statesmen, judges, inventors, soldiers, sailors, musicians, entertainers, aviators, and business executives have seen fit to honor our fraternity with their membership. For more than 200 years Freemasonry has produced men of leadership, morals and vision; men of knowledge; men of science; men of war; men who would free their people from the oppressor; men who would fight to maintain that liberty—and men who would offer a helping hand to the downtrodden. They are, indeed, brethren of whom we may be proud!

John Aasen A giant 8' 6" tall who, when raised in Highland Park Lodge No. 382, Los Angeles on July 14, 1924, weighed 536 lbs. The raising was done by Arthur S. Crites, G.M. and all ritualistic ceremonies were observed except that 12 craftsmen were required. Fifteen hundred witnessed the ceremony. Aasen appeared in a number of motion pictures including The Circus.

Leon Abbett Governor of New Jersey, 1885-1887. Past master Mystic Tie Lodge No. 272, New York City. Demitted to Varick Lodge No. 31, Jersey City and later to Temple Lodge No. 110. Was representative to G.L. of Ireland from G.L. of New Jersey from 1886 to 1894. Member of Ancient Chapter No. 1, R.A.M., New York City.

Bud Abbott Radio, stage and screen performer. b. Asbury Park, N.J., Oct. 2, 1898. Began as a cashier in theatres in 1916 and became famous with the founding of the team "Abbott and Costello." Sold 78 million in war bonds on a 31 day tour during WW2 and entertained in 300 Army and Navy camps. A Mason and a Shriner.

Leon M. Abbott (1867-1932) Grand Commander of Supreme Council AASR (NJ) PGM of Mass. Raised in Columbian Lodge, Boston, June 7,1894. PHP of St. Paul's Royal Arch Chapter, Boston.

Robert 0. Abbott (1824-1867) Surgeon General of the U.S., 1862-67. b. in Pennsylvania, he entered the army in 1849 as assistant surgeon and accompanied Magruder's battery to California. He subsequently served in the East and also in Florida and Texas. During 1861 he was assistant to the chief medical purveyor of New York and later medical director of the Fifth Army Corps. The duties of his office were arduous and he died of overwork. Mentioned as a Mason in the District of Columbia proceedings of 1865.

William R. Abbott (1869-1950) President of Illinois Bell Telephone Co. 1922-30; chairman of the board, 1930-34. b. Sept. 18, 1869 in New York City. Began as clerk for Erie Railroad in 1885 and with the Westchester (N.Y.) Telephone Company in 1888. Was with Illinois Bell from 1893, becoming general superintendent, general manager, vice president and president. Mason and Knight Templar. d. Mar. 2, 1950.

Abd-el-Kader (1807-1883) Algerian patriot and emir of Mascara. b. near Mascara, his family were Sherifs or descendants of Mohammed, and his father, Mahi-ed-Din, was celebrated throughout north Africa for his piety and charity. He received an excellent education in theology, philosophy and the manly arts such as horsemanship. After the French had taken possession of Algeria (1830) the Arabs entreated Mahi-ed-Din to become their 1st Duke of Abercorn sultan, which he did, but immediately abdicated in favor of Abd, his son. Abd, at the head of 9,000 troops marched toward Oran to drive out the French. The fighting was bitter, but the French remained in possession of the city. For the next 13 years he stubbornly resisted the French conquest of Algeria, but in 1847 when they massed 120,000 troops against him, he was forced to surrender under these tremendous odds. Although promised that he would be allowed to go to Alexandria, he and his family were detained in Europe for five years. In July, 1860, he was active in defending the Christians against the murderous attacks of the Moslems in the Christian quarters at Damascus. In recognition of saving many lives, he received decorations and presents from many countries.. The remainder of his life was occupied in public devotions, religious instruction and practical charity. A biography published in London in 1867 records this interesting episode: "Abd-el-Kader had just succeeded in achieving, after much toil and self-abnegation, the highest distinction to be attained in a religious profession, dogmatic and exclusive. By a singular contrast he now wished to wear the badge of a society based and established on the principle of universal brotherhood. The Masonid body in Alexandria hastened to welcome the illustrious neophyte. The Lodge of the Pyramids was specially convened for the occasion on the evening of 18th of June (1867). Abd-el-Kader was initiated into the mysteries, and to the privileges of being a 'Fellow of the Prophet,' added the more time-honored privilege of being a 'Free and Accepted Mason.' " He died at Damascus on May 26, 1883.

James, 1st Duke of Abercorn (18111885) 10th Earl, 2nd Marquis and 1st Duke of Abercorn. Grandson of 1st Marquis; lord lieutenant of Ireland(1866-68; 1874-76). Grand Master of Ireland 1874-1885.

James, 2nd Duke of Abercorn (18381913) Eldest brother of Lord George Francis Hamilton. Was official figurehead of the Irish landlords in land war and opposed home rule. Grand Master of Ireland in 1886 succeeding his father, the first duke.

James, 7th Earl of Abercorn (James Hamilton) (?-1744) Privy Councilor of England. Named Grand Master of England by the retiring Grand Master, Duke of Richmond, in 1725. He was at that time master of a lodge and had served on the committee of charity during that year. Succeeded his father as Earl of Abercorn in 1734. Died, 1744.

John W. Abercrombie (1866-1940) Educator and public official. President of University of Alabama 190211. State supervisor of teacher certification in Alabama 1935-40. Acting Secretary for U.S. Department of Labor 1918-20. Member of 63rd and 64th Congress 1913-17. Member of Alabama Senate 1896-98. Mason and 32° AASR.

Sir Ralph Abercromby (1734-1801) British general who led the expeditionary force that conquered St. Lucia and Trinidad in 1795-96. He commanded troops in the Mediterranean in 1800, defeated the French at Alexandria in 1801 and died of wounds received there. He is credited with restoring the discipline and efficiency of the British army. Member of Canon-gate Kilwinning Lodge No. 2, Edinburgh, Scotland.

Charles Aberdour (Lord Sholto) Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of England (Moderns) from 1757-61 and 20th Grand Master Mason of Scotland, 1755-56. He was later the 15th Earl of Morton.

2 Sir Allan Adair b. Sept. 7, 1887 at Petersburg, Va. Transportation specialist, Dept. of Commerce 1928-53; executive secretary Pan American Railway Congress since 1949. Raised in Powhatan Starke Lodge No. 124, Petersburg, Va. on Sept. 5, 1919. Member of Columbia Chapter No. 1, Washington, D.C. 32° AASR (SJ) in Albert Pike Consistory, Washington, D.C. May 28, 1946. Member of Almas Shrine Temple, 1946; Washington Chapter No. 3, National Sojourners, George Washington Camp of Heroes of '76. Past president (1944) of advisory board of Masonic Clubs of D.C. Past deputy state president of National League of Masonic Clubs.

Robert S. Abernethy Brigadier General, U.S. Army. b. Aug. 5, 1874 in Gonzales Co., Texas. Commissioned lieutenant in 1897 and promoted through grades to general rank on Oct. 1, 1932. Served in the Spanish American War and in the Philippines. Commanded 175th Field Artillery Brigade, A.E.F. in WW1. His last command was San Francisco Port of Embarkation and he retired in 1938. Member of Summerton Lodge No. 105, Summerton, N.C. and served as national president of the National Sojourners from 1937-40.

Thomas G. Abernethy Congressman from Mississippi. Member of 76th to 84th Congresses. b. May 16, 1903 at Eupora, Miss. Lawyer. Received degrees in Eupora Lodge No. 423 and presently member of Prairie Lodge No. 87 at Okolona, Miss. Member of Royal Arch Chapter and Commandery, K.T. at Okolona and Hamasa Shrine Temple at Meridian, Miss.

Edmond Francois Valentin About (1828-1885) French journalist, novelist, playwright and member of the French Academy. Author of Le Roi des Montagnes (1856), Le Nez d'un Notaire (1862) and Madelon (1863). Mason.

George, 5th Earl of Aboyne (George Gordon) (1761-1853) Soldier; succeeded as 5th Earl of Aboyne in 1794 and the 9th Marquis of Huntly in 1836. Was Grand Master of Scotland in 1802-03.

Antonine Firmin Abraham A Freemason who made himself notorious at Paris in the beginning of the 19th century by the manufacture and sale of false Masonic diplomas and by trading the higher degrees, from which traffic he reaped a harvest for some time.

Herbert Abraham President of Ruberoid Co. since 1903. b. July 9, 1883, New York City. President of Asphalt Roofing Industry Bureau three terms. Served on War Industries Board, Washington, 1917-18. Mason.

Allen Abrams Vice president of Marathon Corp. since 1940 and Director since 1943. Deputy Director of development and research for O.S.S. in 1943-44. b. Jan. 27, 1889. Mason.

Benjamin Abrams President of Emerson Radio and Phonograph Corp. Came to this country from Romania at the age of 12. Left school at 13 to help support his fatherless family and by the age of 29 had acquired the name, assets and presidency of the Emerson Corp. His career is studded with "firsts"; the radio-phonograph, the smallest radio and commercial television. Famed for his philanthropy to national and international projects. He is a member of Farragut Lodge No. 976, New York City.

Franz Abt (1819-1885) German composer. b. Eilenberg Saxony d. Wiesbaden. Composed a number of cantatas and songs for the lodge for use on St. John's Feast Days. Initiated in Brunswick Lodge in 1853.

Sir Allan Adair British Major General created the 6th Baron in 1938 of baronetcy established in 1888. Served with Grenadier Guards in 1916-17 and was in command of the 3rd Bn. in 1940; the 30th Guards Brigade in 1941; and the 6th Brigade in 1942; when he was given command of the newly formed Armored Division of the Guards which he retained until the end of WW2 and led in the epic dash of 1944 from the Seine to the relief of Brussels. It was regarded as one of the most gallant achievements of the European liberation. His only son (a captain) was killed when the Guards attacked Mount Camino in Italy, Nov. 1943. Since 1951 he has been second in command of the Queen's Bodyguard of the Yeomen of the Guard. Commander of the Bath; DSO; M.C. He entered Masonry in April, 1924 in Household Brigade Lodge No. 2614, serving as master. Appointed assistant grand master of the G.L. of England in 1953. A member of most of the Masonic rites in England.

E. Ross Adair Congressman from 4th Indiana district to 82nd Congress. b. Dec. 15, 1907 at Albion, Ind. Admitted to bar in 1933 and since practiced at Fort Wayne. Served in army overseas in WW2. Raised in Albion Lodge No. 97, Albion, Ind. in 1929. 32° AASR in Fort Wayne, Ind. Shriner, National Sojourner, Tall Cedar member.

Hugh R. Adair Justice, Supreme Court of Montana from 1943 and chief justice since 1947. b. Aug. 27, 1889 at Trego Co., Kansas. Served in both bodies of Montana state legislature and was lieutenant governor from 1937-41, addressing the Grand Lodge of Montana in this capacity in 1938. Past potentate of Algeria Shrine Temple.

Jackson L. Adair Congressman, judge. b. Feb. 23, 1888 at Clayton, Ill. Graduated from Univ. of Michigan in 1911 and admitted to bar in Michigan, Okahoma and Illinois, first practicing in Muskogee, Okla. in 1911-13 and then in Quincy, Ill. Illinois state senator in 1928-32 and member of the 73rd and 74th Congresses (1933-37) from 15th district. Has been U.S. district judge, Southern Illinois district since 1937. Mason.

Alva Adams (1850-1922) Governor of Colorado 1887-89; 1897-99. Candidate for governor in 1904 and was declared elected, being seated on Jan. 10, but on March 20, 1905 he was ousted by legislature which gave the office to James H. Peabody, who served one day and resigned. Member of first Colorado legislature in 1876. U.S. Commissioner-General to Australia, New Zealand, Java, Siam, and China. Knighted in Pueblo Commandery No. 3, K.T. Jan. 15, 1884; 32° January 29, 1890 in Denver. Active member of Supreme Council AASR (SJ). b. Iowa Co., Wis., May 14, 1850; d. Battle Creek, Mich., Nov. 1, 1922.

Alva B. Adams (1875-1941) U.S. Senator from Colorado, 1923-45. b. Oct. 29, 1875 at Del Norte, Colo. Graduate of Yale and Columbia universities, and admitted to Colorado bar in 1899, practicing at Pueblo. d. Dec. 1, 1941. Mason.

Andrew Adams (1736-1797) Signer of Articles of Confederation in 1777 and chief justice of Supreme Court of Connecticut. b. in January, 1736 in Stratford, Conn. Graduated from Yale in 1760 and practiced at Stamford and Litchfield. Member of state legislature in 1776-81; delegate to Congress in 1777-80 and again in 1781-82. Appointed judge of state supreme court in 1789, he was made chief justice in 1793. He was an adroit lawyer and an able judge. Member of St. Paul's Lodge No. 11, Litchfield, Conn. d. Nov. 26, 1797.

Charles F. Adams (1876-1946) Business executive who pioneered and developed National League hockey in U.S., 1925. Governor of the league 1925-37; Director and chairman of board of Eastern Racing Association 1935-43. Director Boston National League Baseball Association 1927-35. Knight Templar and Shriner. b. Oct. 19, 1876, in Newport, Vt. d. Oct. 1, 1946.

Claude M. Adams Brigadier General U.S. Army (1943). Executive officer and aide-de-camp to General G. C. Marshall, chief of staff; military attache to Brazil 1942-44. Served in WW1 as lieutenant. Vice president of O'Donnell Shoe Corp. Mason. b. Hum-bolt, Tenn., Oct 2, 1895.

Frank R. Adams Author and playwright. Has written about 20 novels, a score of musical comedies, several motion pictures and a book of lyrics of musical comedy. b. July 7, 1883 at Morrison, Ill. Graduate of Univ. of Chicago in 1904. Mason.

Jasper Adams (1793-1841) Clergyman and educator. b. Aug. 27, 1793 in Medway, Mass. Graduate of Brown Univ. and studied theology at Andover. Math professor at Brown and at same time ordained in Episcopal church. Became president of the college of Charleston in 1824, and Hobart College (Geneva, N.Y.) in 1826. Served as professor at West Point from 1838-40. Raised in Mt. Vernon Lodge No. 4, Providence, R.I. in Sept., 1821. d. Oct. 25, 1841.

John Adams American Revolution (naval). Purser on ship Raleigh during Revolution. Member St. John's Lodge No. 1, Portsmouth, N.H.

John Quincy Adams (1767-1848) Sixth President of the United States 1825-29. An anti-Mason who a year before his death published a book of his letters against the Masonic fraternity which amounted to an expose.

John T. Adams (1873-1942) Chief Justice, Supreme Court of Colorado,1931-34. b. Dec. 25, 1873 at La Porte, Ind. Admitted to bar in 1900. Named to Supreme Court of Colorado as justice in 1925, serving last part of term as chief justice. Resumed law practice in 1935. Mason. d. May 13, 1942.

Karl L. Adams (1888-1948) President of Northern Illinois State Teachers College at DeKalb, Ill. from 1929. b. Sept. 5, 1888 at Lexington, Ohio. Mason. d. Dec. 6, 1948.

Kenneth S. Adams Chairman of board of Phillips Petroleum Co. since 1951. President of Phillips from 193851. b. Aug. 31, 1899 at Horton, Kans. Began with Phillips as a warehouse clerk in 1920. Member of Bartlesville Lodge No. 284, Bartlesville Chapter No. 55, R.A.M.; Calvary Commandery No. 26, K.T. all of Bartlesville, Okla. 33° AASR (SJ) at Guthrie, Okla.; Kara Grotto, Bartlesville; Tulsa Court No. 47, Royal Order of Jesters, Tulsa; Akdar Shrine Temple at Tulsa; Wasono Shrine Club, Bartlesville, Bartlesville Scottish Rite Club. Member, Legion of Honor, Order of DeMolay and Trustee, Masonic Foundation of Oklahoma, Inc.

Myron E. Adams (1876-1930) Social Worker. D.D. Syracuse University 1898. Ordained Baptist minister 1905. Social worker in Rochester, N.Y.; Cleveland, Ohio; Buffalo and New York City. Organized and became first director of Department of Morale (under Chief of Staff U.S. Army) during WW1. Executive secretary of National Rehabilitation Comm. 1922; associated with Marshall Field and Albert A. Sprague in the Public Service Associates, Inc., 1922-26. Mason. b. Feb. 19, 1876. d. Jan. 17, 1930.

Richard Adams Privateer and Captain during Revolution. Member of St. Peter's Lodge, Newburyport, Mass.

Samuel Adams Signer, Declaration of Independence. No record of his Masonic affiliation although purported to have been made a Mason in St. John's Lodge, Boston, Mass.

Samuel Adams Governor of Arkansas in 1844. Member of Clarksville Lodge No. 5 (Ark.) and junior grand warden pro-tem of the G.L. of Arkansas in 1844.

Samuel E. Adams Active member of Supreme Council AASR (SJ). d. March 29, 1912. Raised in Vermont Lodge No. 18, Hartland, Vt. Exalted in Burlington (Vt.) Chapter No. 3, Feb. 14, 1855. Knighted in Burlington Commandery No. 2, Sept. 19, 1855. Received 33° from G.C. Albert Pike at Minneapolis, Minn. Aug. 23, 1885.

Sherman Adams Governor of New Hampshire; advisor to President Eisenhower. Elected governor of New Hampshire in 1949 and was the 40th Freemason to serve as governor out of a total of 67 since 1785. As advisor to Eisenhower he was often called "Assistant President," and was chief of the White House staff. Described as "tough-minded, aloof, knowing all the policies, aims, purposes and background." Makes many decisions on his own and is sometimes called "The Rock of Gibraltar." Knight Templar, 32° and member of Bektash Shrine Temple of N.H. Served in WW1 and traces kinship back to two presidents of the U.S. Speaker of N.H. House of Representatives 1943-44 and member of the 79th Congress. b. East Dover, Vt., Jan. 8, 1899.

Wilbur L. Adams (1884-1937) Congressman from Delaware 73rd Congress. Lawyer. Democratic candidate for U.S. Senate, 1934. b. Oct. 23, 1884. d. Dec. 4, 1937. Mason.

Henry Adamson Wrote the first printed reference yet discovered showing the Master's Word to be connected with the Rosy Cross. It occurs in his The Muses Threnodie—"For weare brethren of the Rosy Cross we have the Mason's Word.”

Sir Michael Adeane Private secretary to Queen Elizabeth of England and to her father, King George VI, to whom he acted, in a sense, as a Masonic aide-de-camp on many occasions. Represented George VI at installation of the Earl of Scarbrough as GM in 1951. A Knight of the Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, he served as senior grand deacon of the Grand Lodge of England in 1946.

Charles Adkins (1863-1941) Congressman from Illinois 69th to 72nd Congresses (1925-33). Mason. Home, Decatur, Ill.

Jesse C. Adkins (1879-1955) Judge. Special assistant to the Attorney General from 1908 to 1916. Appointed Associate Justice, Supreme Court of District of Columbia in 1930. Chairman jud. sect. American Bar Assn., 1935. Mason. 32°. b. April 13, 1879. d. Mar. 29, 1955.

Julius Ochs Adler (1892-1955) Major General; vice-president and general manager of the New York Times. Fought in both WW1 and WW2 and was called a "Soldier's Soldier" by President Eisenhower. Was active in many Jewish, civic and patriotic endeavors throughout his life. The rank of general—which Adler carried proudly—was not honorary. He had been a civilian soldier for forty years. Since WW1, he had served the 77th infantry division. He left it during WW2 to lead other combat troops. After the war he rejoined the 77th and became the commanding general of this New York reserve unit. He started with the New York Times in 1914, and in directing its business management as well as that of the Chattanooga (Tenn.) Times, he helped maintain the high standards that have been a credit to the world of journalism. He was a member of Justice Lodge No. 753 of New York City. Adler died on October 3, 1955 and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery on October 6.

Adolph Friedrich IV Duke of Mecklemburg-Strelitz (1738-1794) Initiated in 1772 by deputation of the lodge Irene zu den drei Sternen in Rostock, Germany. In 1774 he entered the lodge at New-Brandeburg remaining a member until his death.

Adolph Fredrik (1710-1771) King of Sweden 1751-1771. Was master of a Stockholm lodge and received the title of Protector of Swedish Freemasonry in 1762.

John S. Africa (1839-1900) Banker and grand master of Pennsylvania 1891-1892. Member Pennyslvania legislature, 1860. Secretary Internal Affairs of Pa. 1883-87. President Union Trust Co. of Philadelphia 1887-1900.

Gregorio Aglipay Chaplain General of the Philippine Army 1899-1901. Scottish Rite member. Later headed the Philippine Independent Church.

Andrew D. Agnew (1867-1951) Grand Master of the Grand Encampment, K.T. 1932-37. Native of Ireland. Lawyer. Active member of the Supreme Council (NJ), 1920. 33* in 1911.

Ignacio Agramonte (1841-1873) Cuban patriot and Freemason who participated in war which followed Cuba's declaration of independence in 1868. b. in Puerto Principe, he was commissioned under Cespedes and became leader of the revolts of 1868-69 against Spain. He was killed in battle.

Camillo Mora Aguilar Governor of province of San Jose, Costa Rica. Son of President Juan Rafa el Mora. An agriculturist. Member of Union Fraternal No. 10.

Joaquin Aguilar Magistrate of Supreme Court of Costa Rica. Member of the College of Lawyers. Esperanza Lodge.

Emilio Aguinaldo Philippine patriot and general. b. March 22, 1869, at Old Cavite, Luzon of Chinese and Tagalog parentage. Was educated in the home of a Jesuit priest and later in the University of St. Thomas, conducted by the Dominican friars in Manila. Was initiated Jan. 1, 1895 in Pilar Lodge under the Grand Orient of Spain, becoming master of the lodge. At the outbreak of the insurrection in August, 1896, he was mayor of Cavite Viejo. During this uprising, he took a prominent part, displaying a marked capacity for leadership. In 1898 Spain gave him a subsidy for remaining out of the country and he went to Hong Kong until the U.S. entered the war against Spain. Believing the time was ripe for a change in government, he returned immediately after the Battle of Manila, May 1, 1898, for the express purpose of assisting the American government. They gave him authority to set up a native government of which he became the head and organized an army. Having doubt as to the future freedom of his country under American rule, he began hostilities against the U.S. during the year 1899 and engaged in several pitched battles, but was driven from capital to capital until finally captured by General Frederick Funston at Palawan, Luzon on March 23, 1901. On April 19, 1901 he took an oath of allegiance to the U.S. and retired to a peaceful life. During the Spanish rebellion he organized the Triagle Magdalo, with other Freemasons and it later became Magdalo Lodge. The lodge held its meetings in Aguinaldo's residence. It was on the balcony of this residence that the proclamation of the First Republic and the unveiling of the original Philippine flag took place,

Charles T. Aikens June 12, 1898. Four months after his initiation into Freemasonry, he affiliated with the Katipunan, an organization patterned after Freemasonry with passwords and three degrees. Seeing this organization was the best means of gathering support for the revolutionary movement, he encouraged all able-bodied men to join it, and the success of the revolution, at least in Cavite, may be attributed to the Katipunan. When the Grand Orient of Spain fused with the G.L. of the Philippines in February 1917, Aguinaldo became a Scottish Rite Mason. He was coroneted a 33° on Feb. 13, 1955.

Charles T. Aikens (1862-1927) University president and Lutheran minister. Ordained, 1888. President of Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove, Pa. from 1905. President of Lutheran Synod of Central Pa. 1897-1901. 32° AASR.

Marquess of Ailsa (1872-1943) Archibald Kennedy, 15th Earl of Cassillis, created Marquess of Ailsa in 1938. b. May 22, 1872. d. Feb. 27, 1943. The Kennedys are a famous and powerful Scottish family long settled in Ayrshire. Ancester John Kennedy of Dunure obtained Cassillis and other lands in Ayrshire about 1350. John's descendant Sir James Kennedy married Mary, a daughter of King Robert III and their son Sir Gilbert Kennedy was created Lord Kennedy before 1458. Gilbert's grandson David, third Lord Kennedy, was created Earl of Cassillis before 1530. In 1831 the 12th Earl of Cassillis became the first Marquess of Ailsa, taking the title from the craig which was his property. Archibald was educated at Eton College, Trinity College, Cambridge and Edinburgh universities. Served as major in the South African War (19001902) and was with the British Expeditionary Forces from Dec., 1914 to May, 1919. Later became a memberof the Royal Company of Archers and as such constituted a member of His Majesty's Bodyguard for Scotland. His services were called for in every large civic or national enterprise. He had held many high offices in Freemasonry, and was head of the Grand Chapter of Scotland for 30 years, being 1st Grand Principal from 1913 until his death in 1943. He made three Masonic visits to the United States, 1924, 1927 and 1933 for the purpose of settling jurisdictional differences with the General Grand Chapter over the chapters in the Philippines. On his death his titles passed to his brother Charles q.v. Initiated in Holy-rood House Lodge No. 44, Edinburgh, Nov. 17, 1896.

Marquess of Ailsa Charles Kennedy, 16th Earl of Cassillis and 5th Marquess of Ailsa upon the death of his brother, Archibald q.v., in 1943. b. April 10, 1875, he was educated at Eton and Royal Agriculture College Cirencester. Formerly captain Ayrshire Yeomanry and lieutenant 3rd Bn. Royal Scotts Fusilliers; served in South Africa 1900-1901 as captain, Prince of Wales Light Horse. As Lord Kennedy, he received most of his Masonic light in the United States, where he came after the African War. He was initiated in Acacia Lodge No. 11, A.F. & A.M. of Cheyenne, Wyoming April 4, 1905; passed May 25, 1905 and raised June 8, 1905. His petition for the capitular degrees was received by Lebanon Chapter No. 3 of Laramie, Wyo. on June 9, 1909 and was elected July 14. He received the MM and PM degrees Aug. 11, 1909. The MEM and RAM degrees were conferred by Nevada Chapter No. 56, of Nevada, Mo. by request of Lebanon chapter on March 14 and 22, 1910. About 1914 he was in Davenport, Iowa. He de-milted from the lodge in Nov. 15, 1921 and the chapter Nov. 9, 1921. In a letter to the chapter dated Dec. 10, 1919 he thanked them for remitting a year's dues because of his war service, stating that he left the U.S. in Nov., 1914 and joined the Ayrshire Yeomanry, Jan., 1915. He stated he "was passed as unfit for overseas service and at the end of 1916 was appointed an area gas officer. . . . I was attached to the 18th Division for a short time in France in 1918 on a tour of instruction. Until quite recently have been engaged in training in gas defensive measures and am now trying to get the bally stuff out of my system.”

William D. B. Ainey (1864-1933) Chairman Public Service Commission of Pa. and Congressman. Member of 62nd and 63rd Congresses (1911-15). Chairman of Public Service Comm. of Pa. 1915. Delegate to Interparliamentary Conference, Geneva, 1912 and to the Hague in 1913. Delegate to Interparliamentary Union, Paris, 1927. Mason.

James Ainslie Scottish clergyman, who in 1652 was the subject of an ecclesiastical investigation because he was a Mason and "possessed the Mason Word." On appeal to the Presbytery at Kelso, he was cleared "because in the purest tymes of this kirke, maisons haveing that word have been ministers.”

John C. Ainsworth (1870-1943) Financier. President of States Steamship Co.; president of Ainsworth National Bank, Portland, Oregon and its successor, the U.S. National Bank. Director of many corporations and the Federal Reserve Bank in Portland. 33° John C. Ainsworth (1822-1893) Transportation pioneer of the Pacific Northwest. Went West with the 1850 gold rush and soon settled in Oregon where he pioneered in transportation. He was the guiding genius of river steamboat transportation and his Oregon Steam Navigation Co. grew tothe Pacific Northwest division of the Union Pacific Railroad. His Portland bank was the largest in Oregon. Was an incorporator and promoter of the Northern Pacific Railway. Was raised in Farmington Lodge No. 9, Ohio and became the first master of Multnomah Lodge No. 86 (Mo. register), now Oregon No. 1. He helped organize the G.L. of Oregon and served as grand master 1854-55. In 1865 he was grand high priest of the Grand Chapter. Inspector general 33° AASR (SJ).

Milburn P. Akers Editor, political and editorial writer. b. May 4, 1900. Assistant to Secretary of Interior 1939-41. Executive secretary of Illinois Development Council 1937-39. Editor of Chicago Sun, 1941-42. Mason.

George E. Akerson (1889-1937) Secretary to President Hoover 192931; Hoover's assistant when Secretary of Commerce 1925-28. Washington correspondent and asst. managing editor of Minneapolis Tribune 1912-25. 32° at Minneapolis Feb. 27, 1929. Received Shrine at Washington, D.C. Apr. 29, 1929 as courtesy to Zurah Temple in Minneapolis.

Spencer B. Akin Major General U.S. Army. b. Feb. 13, 1889. B.S. Virginia Military Institute 1910. 2nd lt. U.S. Army, 1910 advancing through grades to brigadier general in 1941 and major general in 1943. Chief signal officer on staff of General MacArthur and later chief signal officer, Department of Army. Cited by Poor Richard Club for his reorganization of Army's system of communication to needs of atomic warfare. Mason.

Sir Adeyemo Alakija (1884-1952) Nigeria spiritual and political leader. Headed the Executive Council of the Colony and Protectorate in Nigeria, also a spiritual leader among the natives and respected public figure. Member Star of Nigeria Chapter No. 255, R.A.M. 23° AASR. Appointed grand superintendent over Royal Arch in the district both English and Scottish constitutions as well as head of the District Grand Lodge. Died April 9, 1952.

Miguel Ricardo de Alava (17711843) Spanish general and statesman. He participated in the Peninsular War under Wellington in 1811 and in 1815 was in the service of Ferdinand VII. He was a liberal leader and president of the Cortes in 1822, in which year he aided in the deposition of Ferdinand. In 1814 he was imprisoned for being a Freemason. Upon Ferdinand's restoration by the French in 1823, Alava fled to England. He was later in' the service of Maria Christina against Don Carlos. Named ambassador to London in 1834 and Paris in 1835, retiring to France after the La Granja insurrection.

Leopold, Duke of Albany Youngest son of Queen Victoria was initiated in Apollo University Lodge No. 357, Oxford, England May 1, 1874 and in May, 1875 became a member of Lodge of Antiquity. No. 2. Served as master of Apollo Lodge, 1876.

Juan Bautista Alberdi (1810-1884) Distinguished Argentine statesman, jurist and publisher. He was noted principally for his Bases, a treatise on American public right. Hostile to Rosas, he exiled himself to Uruguay where he studied law, later practicing in Chile. On the overthrow of Rosas by Urquiza q.v. he was successively named by the latter as minister to Paris, Madrid, Washington and London. Mason.

Albert Victor Christian Edward (see Duke of Clarence) Carl Albert Congressman from Oklahoma, 80th Congress (1947-49) Lawyer. b. May 10, 1908. Member of South McAlester Lodge No. 96, Mc- Alester, Okla. (1946), 32° Indian Consistory, AASR (SJ) and DeMolay Legion of Honor.

Casimir August Albert Duke of Saxony-Teschen (1738-1822) Last governor of the Austrian Netherlands. Brother of King Karl Christian Joseph. Initiated in Dresden, Germany, in lodge Zu den drei Schwestern, 1764.

Prince Albert Duke of York. b. December 14, 1895, in London. Provincial G.M. of Middlesex.

Albert-Edward, Prince of Wales (1841-1910) (see Edward VII of England) Eldest son of Queen Victoria. Initiated in Stockholm in 1868 by King Charles XV and made past grand master in 1870. In 1875 he received the AASR degrees. In 1875 he succeeded the Marquis de Ripon as grand master of England, an office which he held until his death in 1910.

Manuel Masimino Alberti (17631811) Catholic priest and Argentine patriot. Although a Catholic priest he joined Freemasonry and was active in events that led to the "open forum" on May 24, 1810 and the revolution of that year. He was one of the "junta," or council, then formed to rule the country.

Henri Christophe Albrecht (17631800) German Masonic writer. Initiated 1785. In 1792 he published at Hamburg a work entitled Materialen zu einer kritischen Geschichte der Freimaurerei (Collections towards a critical history of Freemasonry).

Ralph G. Albrecht Specialist in international law. Prosecuted Herman Goering and others before International Military Tribunal, 1945-46. b. Aug. 11, 1896 at Jersey City, N.J. Graduate of Univ. of Pennsylvania and Harvard. Admitted to bar in 1924. Associate counsel for American claimants against Germany in "Black Tom" and "Kingsland" explosions, 1924-39. Commander, U.S. Navy, 1941-45. Naval observer with American Embassy London, England and with Pacific Fleet, Pearl Harbor and Australia. Assistant Director O.S.S. (War Crimes) and assistant to attorney general, 1945. Raised in Dalhousie Lodge, Newtonville, Mass. on Nov. 16, 1921.

Horace M. Albright Conservationist. b. Jan. 6, 1890. Director National Park Service 1917-18; asst. director and superintendent Yellowstone National Park 1919-29. In charge of Yosemite National Park, 1927-28. Director National Park Service Jan. 12, 1929 to Aug. 10, 1933. Advisor, director and official of many national conservation projects. Member of Livingston Lodge No. 32, Livingston, Montana, being raised in June, 1923. He was given his degrees in a period of five weeks while in charge of Yellowstone National Park so that he would be a member in time to entertain President Harding in Yellowstone on June 30 and July 1, 1923.

James L. Alcorn Former Governor and Senator from Mississippi. Member Coahoma Lodge No. 104, Friar's Point, Miss. and Jackson Chapter No. 6, Jackson, Miss.

Alvin B. Alden (1818-1882) Did much for laying foundation of Freemasonry in Wisconsin. Grand master 1861-63; grand high priest 1863; grand commander 1866-68; sovereign grand inspector general, AASR.

Chester H. Aldrich (1862-1924) Governor of Nebraska and jurist. Admitted to Nebraska bar, 1891. Member Nebraska Senate, 1907. Governor of Nebraska 1911-13. Justice, Supreme Court of Nebraska 1919-25. Mason and Knight Templar.

Kildroy P. Aldrich 1st Assistant Postmaster General, 1943-45. b. Feb. 16, 1877. With postal department from 1897 to 1945, serving in various ca-pacities from postal clerk to assistant postmaster general. Raised in Siloam Lodge No. 276, Oklahoma City, Okla. in 1913 and a life member. Member of Missouri Consistory No. 1, St. Louis, Mo. (SJ).

Nelson W. Aldrich (1841-1915) U.S. Senator from Rhode Island from 1881 to 1911. b. Nov. 6, 1841 at Foster, R.I.; Graduate of Brown Univ. Member of R.I. House of Representatives from 1875-77, serving as speaker of same. Elected five times to U.S. Senate and declined nomination for reelection in 1910. A member of What Cheer Lodge No. 21, (past master) Providence and Providence Chapter No. 1 as well as Cavalry Commandery No. 13 which he served as commander in 1871. In 1879 he was grand commander of the Grand Commandery of Massachusetts and Rhode Island. d. Apr. 16, 1915.

Elizabeth Aldworth Said to be the only woman ever regularly initiated into Freemasonry. See "Elizabeth St. Leger.”

J. Frank Alee Former U.S. Senator from Delaware. Member Union Lodge No. 7, Dover, Del.

Miguel Aleman President of Mexico 1947-52. Petitioned Antiquities Lodge No. 9 of Grand Lodge Valle de Mexico on Sept. 25, 1930 as a young man of 26. Initiated Oct. 20, 1930; passed April 27, 1931 and raised July 31, 1931. He later demitted to City of Mexico Lodge No. 35. Received AASR degrees 4th through 32nd Nov. 24, 1942 by Grand Commander Antonio Arceo. Made a noble of the Mystic Shrine in Anezeh Temple of Mexico City on Nov. 27, 1945. Son of General Miguel Aleman, who as a revolutionist against Porfirio Diaz, fled to the mountains as an open rebel for three years before the general revolution of 1910, leaving 8-year-old Miguel as head of the house. By sellingpapers he worked his way through the law school of the National University and on graduation set up a thriving law business principally with labor unions and individual workers. His public life began as magistrate of the Veracruz Supreme Court. Was elected to the Senate and in 1936 was appointed Governor of Veracruz, serving until 1940. He resigned as governor to manage the election of his friend, General Avila Camacho, who, when he won, appointed Aleman as Minister of Interior. At 37, he was the youngest cabinet member and Camacho's principal trouble shooter between the federal government and the 28 states. In this capacity he won international recognition for tracking down some 2,000 German and Japanese nationals in deference to the U.S. He was nominated as president by the head of the Latin-American Federation of Labor and his campaign manager was the editor of the labor newspaper, El Popular. Industrialists backed him because he understood the technical necessities of Mexican industry. Scholars and professional men cheered him for his ability and brains. The old revolutionary generals liked his background and political philosophy, and the masses voted for him because he had given them more in the way of social reform than anyone within their memory. He was particularly interested in public education and transportation.

Alexander I (1777-1825) Czar of Russia from 1801-1825. b. Dec. 23, 1777 and succeeded Paul I q.v. on the throne in 1801. While he prohibited all secret societies in 1801, in 1803 he rescinded this prohibition. It is said that he was convinced by Johann Boeber q.v., later grand master of Russia, of the benefits of Masonry and he not only lifted the ban, but became a member himself. Some sources claim he was initiated in Canongate Kilwinning Lodge of Edinburgh, Scotland and in 1814 acted as master at the conferring of the degrees in a military lodge in Paris on William III, Emperor of Germany. He was, for certain, a member of the Polish Grand Orient. In November, 1815 the Polish Masons gave a banquet in his honor after which he left generous gifts for the Grand Orient. He has been accused of using Freemasonry for political purposes. d. Dec. 1, 1825 under mysterious circumstances. In 1822 he became suspicious of the political dangers inherent in some of the Russian lodges, and on the advice of Grand Master Kushelev of the Grand Lodge "Astra," banned Freemasonry on August 1, 1822. This date marks the destruction of Russian Freemasonry, for his successor, Nicholas I, confirmed the edict on April 21, 1826.

Alexander III (1241-1286) King of Scotland from 1349. Legend states he favored Freemasons and that Kilwinning Abbey was built under his guidance. Married Margaret, daughter of Henry III, in 1251. Defeated Norwegian invasion in 1263. United Hebrides and Isle of Man to the kingdom.

Abraham Alexander (?-1816) One of the founders of the Mother Supreme Council, Scottish Rite at Charleston, S. Car. He was born in London and emigrated to this country before 1764, settling in Charleston, where he became secretary to the collector of customs and later auditor. He became first secretary general of the Mother Supreme Council and seems to have been a member of Lodge La Candeur as his signature appears on the minutes of March 18, 1798. Of Jewish religion, he was chazan, or reader for Bayh Elohim congregation. He served as reader for 20 years, resigning in 1784. He died Feb. 21, 1816 and is buried in the Jewish cemetery at Charleston.

Prince Alexander of Wurtemberg Ben Alexander (1894-1944) President of Masonite Corp. Started as a laborer in the wood pulp industry in 1919 and by 1926 was president of the Masonite Corp. Director or officer of many corporations. Mason.

George F. Alexander (1882-?) Jurist. U.S. Marshal of Oregon 1917-21. Judge, 1st Division of Alaska since 1933. b. Apr. 20 1882. Mason. 32°, Shriner, president of Juneau Shrine Club 1934-39. Deceased.

Grover C. Alexander (1887-1950) Early member of Baseball Hall of Fame (1938). A great National League pitcher for two decades with the Phil-lies, Cubs and Cardinals starting in 1911. In 1926 he won the world championship for the Cardinals by striking out Lazzeri with bases full in final crisis at Yankee Stadium. He was raised in St. Paul Lodge No. 82, St. Paul, Nebraska on Feb. 8, 1923 expelled for un-Masonic conduct March 20, 1930.

Sir Harold R. L. G. Alexander 1st Viscount of Tunis. b. 1891. Served in France, 1914-18 and northwest frontier of India in 1935. Was commander of the 1st Division from 1938-40 and was in charge of the evacuation of the British army from Dunkirk. Assigned to the Burma front in March, 1942, he became commander-in-chief of the Middle East in August. As deputy allied commander-in-chief in North Africa (1943), Alexander, with General Montgomery, who mapped the successful British campaign in Egypt. He commanded Sicilian (July 1943) and Italian (Sept. 1943) invasions. He was made field marshal in November, 1944 and was allied commander-in-chief of Italy in 1944-45. Since 1946 he has been Governor-General of Canada. Alexander is a member of Athlumney Lodge No. 3245 of London, serving as its master in 193839. He is a past grand steward andpast grand warden of the G.L. of England and a member of the house committee of the Royal Masonic Institution for Girls. He is active in Royal Arch Masonry. Born in New Zealand, he was a well known athlete and Olympic games record holder in his youth.

Hubbard F. Alexander Steamship executive. b. Aug. 14, 1879. Began as wharf agent in Tacoma, Wash. 1894. Later president of the following: Commercial Dock Co. 1901-27; Alaska Pacific S.S. Co. 1907-08; Alaska Coast Co. 1908-11; Pacific Alaska Navigation Co. 1908-26; Pacific Steamship Co. (Admiral Line), 1916-30. Mason, 32°.

James P. Alexander Judge. (18831948) Chief Justice Supreme Court of Texas (1941-48). Texas lawyer since admittance to bar in 1908. District judge, 19th district of Texas 1920-24; associate justice Court of Civil Appeals, Waco, 1931 to 1940; Mason and Shriner.

John L. Alexander (1878-1932) Executive Director of American Youth Foundation 1924-32. Served in executive or secretarial capacity for many religious and youth movements including Boy Scouts, Y.M.C.A. Mason.

Lord Alexander Scottish records show him to be one of the earliest of the speculatives (July 3, 1634) Lodge of Edinburgh. He was Right Honorable Master of the Work to His Majesty.

Nathaniel Alexander (1756-1808) Governor of North Carolina, 1805-07. Surgeon in the Revolutionary War. Served as an officer of the G.L. of North Carolina in 1802, '03, '06, '07 and was senior grand deacon at his death in 1808.

Prince Alexander of Wurtemberg Initiated in 1808 in the Phoenix Lodge in Paris. Was uncle of Emperor Alexander of Russia.

Robert Alexander (1863-1941) Major General U.S. Army. Advanced in rank from a private in 1886 through grades to Brig. General N.A., 1918 and Maj. General 1918-19 (temp.); Brig. General 1921 and retired as Maj. General 1927. Served in Indian campaign of 1890-91, Philippines, Cuba and Mexico as well as WW1. Mason.

Algert D. Alexis Rear Admiral U.S. Navy. b. June 25, 1897. Appointed lieutenant (jg) in 1921 and advanced through grades to rear admiral in 1950. His speciality in the service was naval construction and he commanded many naval installations both at home and abroad, including staff commander of the service force for the invasion of Japan. He retired in 1954 and is now a consulting civil engineer. Raised in Peter Williamson Lodge No. 323, Scranton, Pa. in 1920. Royal Arch membership in Norfolk, Va. Past president of Charleston, S.C. chapter of the National Sojourners.

Bernard Soto Alfaro Former president of Costa Rica. He developed a national spirit in the country and is one of the most eminent men produced by the Republic. He entered the lodge Esperanza when a young man and was made "Protector of the Order" in the Supreme Council, AASR.

Colon Eloy Alfaro Ambassador from Ecuador. b. Jan. 1, 1891, son of Eloy Alfaro, Ecuadorian patriot and president. Educated in Ecuador, U.S. Military Academy, German Cavalry School, and George Washington University. Served as consul general to Canal Zone, Panama, Mexico, Nicaragua, Guatamala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Colombia, Dominican Republic and United States. Was ambassador to U.S. 1936-44. He has also served his country on many special diplomatic missions. Has been a member of the Board of Governors of the Pan American Union at Washington, D.C., since 1947. Mason and 33° AASR. Shriner. Member of Canal Zone Consistory as are his three sons, Eloy, Jaime and Olmedo.

Eloy Alfaro (1842-1912) Ecuadorian liberator and president. b. June 25, 1842 in Montecristi. He led an uprising against President Cordero (1893-95) and declared himself anticlerical dictator and president of Ecuador from 1897-1901 and 1907-11. He led the revolt of 1906 that deposed President Lisardo Garcia and became constitutional president in 1907. As president he reduced the power of the Roman Catholic church. More laws for the betterment of public schools and social reforms for the people were enacted during his presidency than there had been in the 120 years since the Republic was established. Most of his life was spent in exile. As a disciple of Bolivar he advocated Pan-Americanism and convened the second Pan American Congress in Mexico City in 1896. Alfaro was responsible for the introduction of the "Panama hat" to the world. While in exile in Panama, he imported the Ecuador-made toquilla hats which he sold in great numbers to travelers passing through the Isthmus. Having been purchased in Panama, the hats were presumed to be products of the country and thus became known as "Panamas." Alfaro attempted to aid Cuba in securing its independence from Spain and in 1895 sent an impassioned letter to Queen Marie Cristina of Spain, pleading for Cuban independence. He resigned as president Aug. 12, 1911 hoping to prevent a revolt and continue the liberal regime. When a new revolt broke out, he returned from his exile in Panama hoping to effect a conciliation between the factions. He was seized in Guayaquil and sent over the railway which he had built to Quito where he was thrown into jail and a few hours later (Jan. 28, 1912) was murdered. Affectionately called "Citizen of the Americas," he has been honored with monuments and statues in Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico and the United States. Busts of Alfaro in the U.S. are found in St. Augustine, Florida; Lincoln, Nebraska; House of the Temple, Washington, D.C.; Washington National Memorial at Alexandria, and Gainesville, Florida. Even Spain named a street in his ancestral town of Cervera del Rio Alhambra for him.

Bruce R. Alger Congressman, 84th Congress from 5th Texas district. b. June 12, 1918. Owner of Alger Development Co., Bruce Alger Realtor, Modernair Construction Co., all of Dallas. 32° AASR and Shriner.

Russell A. Alger (1836-1907) Major General in Civil War, working his way from the ranks. Served as governor of Michigan from 1885-87 and was Secretary of War under McKinley from 1897-99, resigning at McKinley's request because of criticism directed against the War Department for inefficiency. Member of Corinthian Lodge No. 241 of Detroit, being raised Dec. 9, 1895.

Francois D' Alincourt French gentleman, who, in the year 1776 was sent with Don Gyres de Ornellas Pracao, q.v. a Portuguese nobleman, to prison, by the governor of the island of Madeira, for being Freemasons.

Sir Archibald Alison (1792-1867) English author. b. Dec. 29, 1792 at Kenley, Shropshire, England and d. May 23, 1867 at Glasgow, Scotland. Received his degrees at Glasgow Kilwinning Lodge in 1837. An historian; and as sheriff of Lanarkshire suppressed the riots of 1837. Author of History of Europe during the French Revolution (1833-42) in ten volumes and a nine volume continuation in 1852-59.

John S. Allard Brigadier General and corporation executive. b. Jan. 16, 1897. Served overseas with Air Force, 1942-45, and promoted from colonel to brigadier general in 1944. President of Curtis-Wright Export Corp. since 1929; vice pres. of Curtis-Wright Corp. since 1929 and director of Wright Aeronautical Corp., Curtis-Wright Airplane Co., and Curtis-Wright Airports Co. Mason.

Herbert J. Allemang Vice president of Philco Corp. since 1951. b. May 3, 1902. Raised in South Bend Lodge No. 294, South Bend, Ind. in 1923. Member of AASR (NJ) in South Bend and Medinah Shrine Temple.

Alfred G. Allen (1867-1932) Congressman from Ohio to 62nd, 63rd, and 64th Congresses (1911-17). Lawyer. Mason.

Charles H. Allen (1848-1934) First governor of Puerto Rico. b. April 15, 1848 at Lowell, Mass. He was a member of the Massachusetts house of representatives in 1881 and '82 and in the state senate in 1883. He was a member of the 49th and 50th Congresses (1885-89), and assistant secretary of the Navy from 1898-1900. After the United States freed the island of Puerto Rico from a 400-year despotic rule of Spain he became its first governor (1900-02). He was a member of William North Lodge of Lowell, Mass.

Ethan Allen (1738-1789) Major General in Revolution. Gained fame as a colonel commanding the "Green Mountain Boys," who with Benedict Arnold, q.v., seized Fort Ticonderoga on May 10, 1775. He was captured at Montreal and held prisoner from 177578, exchanged and returned to Vermont. Although he has been described as one "who seems to have been a Master Mason" it is thought that he only received one degree at Windsor, Vt. on July 7, 1777. His brother Ira, q.v., was a member of Vermont Lodge No. 1. Probably not a Mason. Was a prisoner in England on date given for his first degree in Windsor, Vt.

Ethan N. Allen Baseball coach. b. Jan. 1, 1904. An outfielder with various National League teams 1926-36 and with Browns of American League since 1938; motion picture director of National League public relations dept. 1938-42; head coach at Yale in 1946. Has done sports announcing and written several books on baseball. Member of Yeatman Lodge No. 162, Cincinnati, Ohio, 32° Ohio Consistory at Cincinnati and Shriner.

Ezra G. Allen (1885-1952) Rear Admiral U.S. Navy. b. March 11, 1885 at Scranton, Pa. Graduated U.S. Naval Academy, 1907. Ensign. U.S. Navy in 1907, advancing to rear admiral. Mason. d. January, 1952.

Frank G. Allen Former governor of Massachusetts. b. Lynn, Mass. Oct. 6, 1874. Was raised in Orient Lodge, Norwood, Mass. June 23, 1920, receiving 33° in Northern Jurisdiction, Sept. 16, 1930.

George W. Allen (?-1928) Chief Justice Supreme Court of Colorado, 1926-28. Member Pennsylvania House of Representatives 1874-76 moving to Colorado in 1880. Judge district court, Denver 1888-1910. Republican nominee for governor 1896 and defeated for U.S. Senator 1896. Justice of Supreme Court 1916-26. Died Jan. 29, 1928. Mason, 32° AASR and Shriner.

Henry J. Allen (1868-1950) U.S. Senator and former governor of Kansas. b. Sept. 11, 1868 in Warren Co., Pa. Began as editor of Manhattan Nationalist in 1894 and later owned and operated several daily newspapers in Kansas; chairman of board of Wichita Daily Beacon Publishing Co. Governor of Kansas from 1919-23 and appointed U.S. Senator to succeed Vice-president Curtis in 1929. Assistant to Charles G. Dawes, pres. of Reconstruction Finance Corp. in 1932. Editor of the Topeka Journal from 1935 until death. Director of publicity for the Hoover-Curtis campaign in 1928 and as president of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Tidewater Assn., helped prepare treaty between U.S. and Canada on that project. Active abroad in WW1 in Red Cross work. Mason. d. Jan. 17, 1950.

Hervey Allen Author, who although not a Freemason, is one of the few writers of historical novels to give credit for the part Freemasonry played in our Revolutionary period. Among his writings are Anthony Adverse, 1933; The Forest and the Fort, 1943; and Bedford Village, 1944. b. Dec. 8, 1889. Mr. Allen wrote on May 23, 1944 as follows: "Several members of the fraternity have written in asking if I hold membership. I do not and never have. My father and grandfather and a great many other relatives have been Masons for many generations back, but for various reasons I have never joined. My interest in the theme of Masonry in American life is purely historical, and I think that my not being a member is at this time perhaps a help in my stressing the theme, as I can do so without any suspicion of being a special pleader from the inside. There is no doubt that for some reason or other American historians have overlooked one of the prime and deep-running influences in American life. As you know, there are many reasons for that.”

Hubert A. Allen (1872-1942) Brigadier General U.S. Army. Actively identified with Iowa national guard for 25 years. Served as captain in Spanish-American war and appointed brigadier general in 1917. Mason.

Ira Allen (1751-1814) Brother of Ethan Allen q.v. and politically active in the Revolutionary period. b. Cornwall, Conn., he with two other fellow members of Vermont Lodge No. 1 (now 18), led the fight for statehood of Vermont. The others were Thomas Chittenden q.v. and Dr. Jonas Fay q.v. Between 1780 and 1791 he was in negotiation with the British which was thought to force Congress to recognize Vermont's claims—which they did on March 4, 1791. He assisted in the founding of the Univ. of Vermont in 1789. He was initiated in Vermont Lodge No. 1 of Charleston, N.H. in 1782.

Ivan E. Allen Business executive who gave Fort Mountain to state of Georgia; it is now one of the state parks. b. Mar. 1, 1877 at Dalton, Ga. Chairman of Ivan Allen-Marshall Co.; Ivan Allen Bldg., Atlanta Blank Book Mfg. Co., and has served on many state political and civic boards including term as state senator 1919-21. A Knight Templar and Shriner.

J. Edward Allen Educator and writer. Instructor in public school system of Warrenton, N.C. since 1907 and served as superintendent of public instruction for Warren Co. since 1919. Member board of trustees Wake Forest College since 1922; board of trustees, state school for blind and deaf; on board of Oxford Orphanage. Grand Master G.L. of North Carolina 1939-40. Also headed state York Rite bodies and Shrine. Writer of many Masonic books and articles including revision of Goulds History of Freemasonry published by Scribners in 1936. b. March 21, 1887 at Warrenton, N.C.

John E. Allen (1873-1945) Chief Justice, Supreme Court of New Hampshire, 1934-43. Educated at Dartmouth and Harvard, he was admitted to N.H. bar in 1897, serving as probate judge from 1899 to 1906. He was associate justice of Superior Court of N.H. 1917-24 and 1924-34 before becoming chief justice. Mason.

John M. Allen Major in Texas-Mexican War. He came to Texas attracted by the rumors of impending conflict between Americans and Mexicans. As commander of the armed ship Terrible, he had been ordered to New Orleans for the purpose of recruiting soldiers for the impending conflict. While in New Orleans he received a charter from the grand secretary of the G.L. of Louisiana for Holland Lodge No. 36 to be delivered to Anson Jones q.v. General Sam Houston q.v. sent an orderly to Allen advising him of the impending clash and urging speed to the reinforcements he had. Allen joined Houston's forces, carrying with him the charter and other communications from the G.L. of Louisiana. He met Anson Jones (to be first Grand Master of Texas) on the prairie between Croce's and San Jacinto, while Houston's army was on the march just before the battle of San Jacinto. Jones placed it in his saddlebags and carried it through the battle of San Jacinto.

Lee E. Allen Congressman from 16th district of Illinois to 73rd to 80th Congresses inclusive (1933-49). b. Oct. 5, 1898 at Elizabeth, Ill. Taught school, served as circuit court clerk and has practiced law since 1930. Mason.

Oscar K. Allen Former governor of Louisiana. Member of Eastern Star Lodge No. 151, Winnfield, La.

Peter B. Allen General U.S. Army. First master of Terre Haute Lodge No. 19, Terre Haute, Indiana.

William Allen Purchased the ground for the State House (Independence Hall) at Philadelphia in 1729 and gave a grand banquet in 1736 at the inauguration of the building. It was here that the Declaration of Independence was signed.

Roger Allin Former governor of North Dakota. Member of Golden Valley Lodge No. 6, Park River, N.D.

James B. Allison Major General, U.S. Army. b. Sept. 15, 1873 at York, S. Car. Appointed 2nd lieutenant in 1898 advancing through grades to major general in 1935 when he became chief signal officer. Retired in 1937. Served in Mexican War and WW1. Mason.

William B. Allison (1829-1908) U.S. Senator from Iowa 1873-1909. b. March 2, 1829 at Perry, 0. Admitted to bar in 1850, he practiced in Ohio until 1858 when he moved to Dubuque, Iowa. Raised troops for Civil War and was U.S. Representative in Congress from 1863-71. In 1888 and 1896 he was a candidate for Republican presidential nomination. A charter member of Mosaic Lodge No. 125 of Dubuque, Iowa, he was honorary senior grand warden of the Grand Lodge of Iowa in 1889.

James V. Allred Governor of Texas 1935-39. b. Mar. 29, 1899 at Bowie, Texas. Admitted to Texas bar in 1924. Served as district attorney 1923-25 and attorney general of Texas 193135. U.S. District Judge, southern district of Texas 1939-42. Practicing attorney since 1942. Raised in Bowie Lodge No. 578 July 6, 1920. Received Scottish Rite degrees in 1926. K.C.C.H.

Avery Allyn Anti-Masonic writer. Once a member of lodge, chapter and commandery in Connecticut.

Edward B. Almon (1860-1933) Congressman from Alabama to 64th to 72nd Congresses (1915-33). b. April 18, 1860 at Moulton, Ala. Admitted to bar 1883. Member Alabama state senate 1892-96 and speaker of house of representatives in 1911. Judge of 11th circuit 1898-1906. Mason.

James L. Almond, Jr. Congressman and attorney-general of Virginia. b. June 15, 1898 at Charlottesville, Va. Served as prosecuting attorney and judge at Roanoke and in the 79th and 80th Congresses from Virginia. Has been attorney-general of Virginia since 1948. Past potentate of Shrine.

Alfred S. Alschuler (1876-1940) Architect. b. Chicago, Nov. 2, 1876. Graduate of Armour Institute of Technology and studied at Art Institute of Chicago. Designed the following Chicago buildings: London Guarantee and Accident, Westminster, Cunard, John R. Thompson, John Sexton, Utilities, Lake Michigan, Mercantile Exchange, Adams Franklin and Garment Center buildings; plans of E. J. Brach & Son, Chicago Mail Order, Sinai Temple and Isaiah Temple. Mason.

Richard Alsop (1761-1815) American author and poet. b. Middletown, Conn. Was one of the Hartford wits, collaborating in the writing of The Echo, a verse satire which appeared in the American Mercury and published in book form in 1807. Among other works is A Poem, Sacred to the Memory of George Washington (1800). A member of St. John's Lodge No. 2, Middletown, Conn. There was a Richard Alsop who became a member of Hiram Lodge No. 1 at New Haven, Conn. in 1752 and may have been his father.

Wilbur M. Alter Chief justice, Supreme Court of Colorado since 1955. b. Dec. 17, 1879 at Allegheny, Pa. Admitted to Colorado bar in 1906. Judge of Supreme Court of Colorado from 1928-33; 1944-46; 1946 to present. Past state commander of American Legion. Served in WW1 as an enlisted man. Raised in Victor Lodge No. 99, Victor, Colo. in 1909. Demitted from chapter and commandery at Cripple Creek and shrine in Denver.

Paul S. Althouse (1889-1954) American opera tenor. b. 1889 at Reading, Pa., made his debut with Metropolitan Opera Co., N.Y. in 1913. Member of St. John's Lodge No. 435, Reading, Pa. 32° AASR (SJ) at Reading, Pa. and member of Rajah Shrine Temple, Reading. d. Feb. 6, 1954 and service was conducted by Grand Lodge of New York at Rutgers Presbyterian Church on Feb. 8.

Francisco E. Alvarado Former secretary of state of Costa Rica. He also served as president of the chamber of representatives and administrator-general of railways. A member of Caridad Lodge No. 26.

Francisco P. Alvarado Costa Rican banker. He was one of the founders of the Scottish Rite of Central America. A banker and teacher, he was benefactor of San Juan de Dios Hospital. A member of Caridad No. 26.

Carlos Maria de Alvear (1789-1853) Argentine patriot, general and coworker with San Martin, q.v. He took a prominent part in the liberation wars of Argentine both politically and militarily. In 1814 he was the victorious besieger of Montevideo, Uruguay, and a year later was named "supreme administrator." In 1839 he was appointed minister to the United States, where he died. He was a founder of the Lau-taro Lodge in 1812 together with San Martin, liberator of the country.

Claude B. Alverson (1878-1922) Judge, Supreme Court of New York, 1921-22. Knight Templar, 32° AASR and Shriner.

Count Goblet d' Alviella (1846-1925) Belgian writer on religious history, and politician. Also known as Comte Eugene. Was grand commander of the Supreme Council 33° of Belgium.

Richard IL Amberg Publisher of St. Louis Globe-Democrat from Sept., 1955. b. June 5, 1912 in New York City. Graduated from Harvard in 1933. Editor and publisher of newspapers in Oil City and Knox, Pa. from 1937-41 and also Sportsman's Hunting & Fishing Digest same years. He was director of publicity for the American Transit Assn. from 1945-47 and general manager of Newsday in 1947-49. In 1949-50 he was administrative assistant on the New York Herald Tribune and general manager and director of The Post Standard, Syracuse, N.Y. from 1950-52. Raised in Oil City Lodge No. 710, Oil City, Pa. in 1938. Member of Oil City Chapter No. 236, R.A.M. and Talbot Cornmandery No. 43, K.T. both of Oil City. 32° AASR, Valley of St. Louis (SJ). Member of St. Leo Conclave No. 71, Red Cross of Constantine, Syracuse, N.Y. and Moolah Shrine Temple, St. Louis, Mo.

John Frederick Amelung Early American glass manufacturer. In March, 1789 he visited George Washington at Mt. Vernon and presented him with two engraved gobets with Washington's coat of arms. A zealous Mason, he established a lodge in Frederick Co., Maryland sometime between 1790 and 1799.

James E. Ament (?-1936) College president and educator. b. Woodburn, Ill. Graduated from Illinois Normal, Transylvania Univ. and a Ph.D. from Oskaloosa College. Served as president of state teachers colleges in Oklahoma, Missouri, Indiana and Pennsylvania. Inspected educational facilities in England, Scotland, France, Germany and Switzerland. Ament became president of the ultra National Park Seminary for Women at Washington, D.C. in 1916 and was president and owner until his death in 1936. He was a 32° AASR (SJ).

Leopold S. Amery (1873-1955) English publicist, statesman and mountaineer. b. Nov. 22, 1873 in India. Friend of Winston Churchill q.v. at school days in Harrow and later when he was correspondent of the Times in the South African War when Churchill was correspondent of Daily Telegraph. He served with the army in Flanders and Near East (1914-16). He became first lord of admiralty in 1922, serving until 1924 when he became secretary of state for colonies 1924-29 and secretary for dominion affairs from 1925-29. In 1945-49 he was secretary for India and Burma. Endowed with a strong physique, he was an avid mountaineer and three peaks have been named for him—one in South Africa Drakenberg, one in the Canadian Rockies and the third on Kerguelen Island on the edge of the Antarctic. Member of Canada Lodge No. 3527, London and 10th master of that lodge in 1920.

Ezra Ames (1768-1836) Portrait painter. b. Framingham, Mass. May 5, 1768. Painted portraits of Washington, Alexander Hamilton, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, Martin Van Buren, George Clinton, DeWitt Clinton. Served as grand high priest of the G.C. of New York for 24 years, and was general grand scribe of the General Grand Chapter for ten years (1806-16). From 1816-20 he served as grand captain general of the Grand Encampment, Knights Templar. Died Feb. 23, 1836.

Oliver Ames Former governor of Massachusetts. Although his membership is not known, he was made an honorary member of Columbian Lodge of Boston; was present at a meeting of Washington Lodge in Roxbury March 15, 1866; delivered a Masonic oration before Meridian Lodge, Natick, Mass., June, 1888.

Arthur Oliver Villiers, Lord Ampthill (1869-1935) English nobleman of the Russell family, holding the earldom of Bedford (from 1550), dukedom of Bedford (from 1694) and barony of Ampthill (from 1881). b. Feb. 19, 1869 at Rome, Italy where his father was British ambassador. Linguist and rowing man, he saw service in WW1, being twice mentioned in dispatches and attaining the rank of brevet colonel. He served as private secretary to Joseph Chamberlain (1895-99) and was governor of Madras from 1899 to 1906. In 1904 he was appointed acting Viceroy of India. Ampthill was appointed by King Edward VII (then grand master) as provincial grand master for Bedfordshire on Nov. 17, 1891, and later served 27 years as pro grand master (1908-35) under H.R.H. the Duke of Connaught. He was one of the founders of the National Party in 1918. Member of Apollo Lodge, Oxford, England.

Roald Amundsen (1872-1928) Discoverer of South Pole. A Norwegian polar explorer. b. Borge, Norway. He discovered the South Pole in December, 1911. In 1903-06 he navigated the northwest passage and fixed the position of the North magnetic pole, and in 1926 he flew across the North pole with Lincoln Ellsworth. He disappeared in June, 1928 on flight to rescue Nobile who was lost returning from North Pole. Said by several sources to be a Freemason but no lodge ever specified.

Charles L. Anceney (1863-?) Pioneer cattle rancher of the West. b. April 17, 1863 at Denver, Colo., he was in charge of a cattle outfit at the age of 14. Anceney was with the first herd of cattle going into lower Yellowstone ranges in 1879 and was on the first drive to Bismarck, N. Dak. in 1881. At one time he swam the Missouri river and loaded a shipment of cattle to Buffalo, N.Y. Fought with Sioux, Blackfeet and Cheyenne Indians. Was an associate of Child & Anceney (Harry W. Child), 1910 in the Flying D. Cattle Ranges, covering 500,000 acres and furnishing support to 15,000 to 25,000 head of cattle. President of Gallatin Gateway State Bank, promoted Camp Creek Branch of Northern Pacific Railway which terminated at townsite of Anceney, Mont. Mason. Deceased.

William, Earl of Ancrum Fortieth Grand Master of Scotland, 1794-95 and later the 6th Marquis of Lothian.

Clinton P. Anderson U.S. Secretary of Agriculture and senator. b. Oct. 23, 1895 at Centerville, S. Dak. Was state treasurer of New Mexico 1933-34; member of 77th to 79th Congresses from New Mexico (1941-47); secretary of agriculture in Truman's cabinet (1945-48) and elected U.S. Senator from N. Mexico in Nov., 1948. Was raised in Albuquerque Lodge No. 60 in 1917. Member of Rio Grande Chapter No. 4, R.A.M. and Pilgrim Commandery No. 3, K.T. 32° AASR in Orient of New Mexico; KCCH in 1937 and 33° in 1945. He is past potentate of Ballut Abyad Shrine Temple (1937), member of Tall Cedars of Lebanon, Santa Fe Conclave No. 55, Red Cross of Constantine, National Sojourners and Royal Order of Jesters.

Edward Anderson (1833-1916) Clergyman and Civil War soldier. b. Nov. 19, 1833. Studied theology and was ordained pastor in the Congregational ministry in 1858. Served pastorates in Michigan, Ill., Ohio, and Conn. In the Civil War he served with John Brown in Kansas; was chaplain of the 37th Illinois Volunteers until after the Missouri Campaign in 1862 and was colonel with the 12th Indian Volunteer Cavalry until close of war. Mason.

George W. Anderson (1861-1938) Judge. b. Sept. 1, 1861 at Acworth, N.H. Attended Boston Law School and Boston University, opening practice in 1890. U.S. District Attorney of Mass. 1914-17; member interstate commerce commission 1917-18; became judge U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, Boston, 1918. Retired. Trustee World Peace Foundation and Cushing Academy. Mason. Died Feb. 14, 1938.

Heartley W. "Hunk" Anderson Notre Dame football coach. Member of Calumet Lodge No. 271, Calumet, Michigan.

Jack Z. Anderson Congressman to 76th to 80th Congresses from California (1939-49). b. March 22, 1904. An orchardist at San Juan Bautista, Calif. since 1923. Raised in Texas Lodge No. 46, San Juan Bautista, Calif. on Dec. 20, 1946.

James Anderson (1680?-1739) Compiler of the famous Anderson's Constitutions of 1723 and 1738 which are recognized as being the first printed volumes dealing officially with Freemasonry. The records of the United Grand Lodge of England show that Bro. James Anderson was ordered to "digest the old Gothic Constitution in a new and better method," on Sept. 29, 1721. Only three months later Dr. Anderson presented his finished production to the grand lodge (Dec. 27, 1721), which has come down to us as the basis for all Freemasonry. The historical part, however, which traces the history from the Garden of Eden to 1721 is quite fanciful, unreliable and pretentious. No one today would quote that part as an authority. It was not until the following March (1722) that a committee was appointed to examine the character of the revision, and it was not until 1723 that the volume came from the printer. The first edition was followed by a second in 1738, the latter being more valuable because it contains some history about the grand lodge covering the period 1717-1738. James Anderson, M.A., D.D., was born about 1780 at Aberdeen, Scotland, and was educated at Marischal College where he received his M.A. degree and it is thought he earned his D.D. degree about 1731 from the same college. There are no records of his life from the time of his receiving his college training until after his arrival in London. It is recorded in state records that he and his church (Scotch Presbyterian) purchased a lease of the French Protestant Chapel in Swallow St., Piccadilly on Feb. 15, 1709-10 from Rev. Jean Desaguliers, minister of the church and father of Dr. J. T. Desaguliers q.v. Anderson came from a Masonic family; his father serving as secretary of the well known Scottish Lodge Aberdeen and as master in 1688-89. It is highly possible that the son may have entered Freemasonry during the period the father served as master. Little can be learned of his Masonic connections previous to 1721. He was not at the revival of Freemasonry in 1717, but he assumed the station of grand warden of the grand lodge, January 17, 1723, and was master of Lodge No. 17 in 1723 (Masonic students have not been able to identify this lodge.) He was, however, shown as a member of Lodge of the Horn in 1723, and later of other lodges meeting in London. In addition to the Constitutions, he was the author of some non-Masonic books including Royal Genealogies, or the Genealogical Tables of Emperors, Kings and Princes, from Adam to These Times (1732) and Unity in Trinity (1733). He attended grand lodge fifteen times between 1723 and 1728, acting as grand warden on four occasions. His death was May 28, 1739, shortly after he had issued the second edition of the Constitutions. He was buried in Bunhill Fields with Masonic services, and accounted for the ear- liest known account of a Masonic funeral which appeared in the London Daily Post of June 2, 1739: "Last night (June 1) was interr'd the corpse of Dr. Anderson, a Dissenting Teacher, in a very remarkable deep Grave. His pall was supported by five Dissenting Teachers, and the Rev. Dr. Desaguliers; it was followed by a dozen of Freemasons who encircled the Grave; and after Dr. Earle had harangued on the Uncertainty of Life &c, without one word of the Deceased, the Brethren, in the most solomn dismal Posture, lifted up their Hands, sigh'd, and struck their aprons three times in Honour to the Deceased.”

Jesse T. Anderson State superintendent of education of South Carolina since 1946. b. Oct. 26, 1892 at Timmonsville, S.C. Member board of trustees of Univ. of South Carolina, The Citadel, Winthrop College and state school for the blind. Past master and member of all York Rite bodies serving as deputy grand commander in 1951.

Joseph I. Anderson (1757-1837) Senator from Tennessee from 17951815 and first comptroller of U.S. Treasury, 1815-36. b. White Marsh, Pa. and served through Revolutionary War as captain and brevet major. He was a member of Military Lodge No. 19 of Pennsylvania. When serving as regimental paymaster of the 1st New Jersey he was a member of Lodge No. 36 in the New Jersey Brigade. After the war he became 1st senior warden of Princeton Lodge No. 38 (N.J.).

Richard C. Anderson (1750-1826) Officer of the American Revolution. He was first master of Lexington Lodge No. 25 (now 1 of Kentucky) and was presumed to have been a member of Fredericksburg No. 4 of Va., as he was very close to General Washington. b. Jan. 12, 1750 in Hanover Co., Va. As a captain in the 5th Virginia Continentals, he led the advance of the Americans at the battle of Trenton in 1776, crossing the Delaware in the first boat; was wounded in this action; promoted to major of the 6th Virginia in 1778 and transferred to the 1st Virginia in Sept., 1778. Fought in battles of Brandywine and Germantown and was again wounded at Savannah May 12, 1779 and taken prisoner at Charleston in May, 1780. A daring leader he was at the death-bed of Count Pulaski q.v. and the dying Pole gave him his sword as a memento. After the war he removed to the wilderness of Kentucky near Louisville, and led the life of a pioneer and Indian fighter until advancing civilization pushed the frontier farther west. He obtained the charter for the Louisville lodge from the Grand Lodge of Virginia. d. Oct. 16, 1826.

Robert Anderson (1805-1871) Major General U.S. Army who was in command of Fort Sumter at time of Confederate attack. Known as "hero of Fort Sumter." b. in Kentucky and graduated from West Point in 1825. Raised in Mercer Lodge No. 50, Trenton, N.J. May 27, 1858. He was also an honorary member of Pacific Lodge No. 233 of New York City. In 1859 he was senior warden of Mercer lodge, but was ordered to another station and withdrew at the end of the year. He received the Knight Templar orders in Columbian Commandery No. 1 of New York City in December, 1862 and January, 1863 and was made a life member Oct. 28, 1867. d. Nice, France Oct. 27, 1871.

Robert B. Anderson Secretary of the Navy in Eisenhower cabinet (appointed in 1953) and deputy secretary of defense (which he resigned in 1955). b. June 4, 1910 at Burleson, Texas, he received his law degree from University of Texas in 1932.

While still in law school he ran for the state legislature and won. He served as assistant attorney-general of Texas in 1933 and taught law at Texas University. Anderson has served as general manager of the Waggoner estate—and largest cattle ranch in Texas—since 1941. He has probably been director and president of more large corporations than any one man in Texas. He is a member of Vernon Lodge No. 655 of Vernon, Texas and while Secretary of the Navy returned from Washington to be installed as master on Oct. 17, 1953. In December, 1953 he was appointed grand senior steward of the G.L. of Texas and addressed the G.L. at the 1954 communication. He is a member of the Chapter, Council and Commandery at Vernon, the AASR (SJ) and Maskat Shrine Temple.

Robert H. Anderson Brigadier General in Confederate Army. Served as commander of Palestine Commandery, K.T. No. 7 at Savannah, Georgia in 1886-87.

Rudolph M. Anderson Zoologist, explorer, writer and government official. b. June 30, 1876 near Decorah, Iowa. Ph.D. from University of Iowa in 1906. Taught zoology and was associated with many schools and museums in U.S. and Canada. Was chief of division of biology of National Museum of Canada from 1920-46. Active in biological and anthropological explorations to Arctic Alaska, Yukon and Northwest Territories 1908-12; chief of southern party Canadian Arctic Expedition 1913-16; naturalist on Canadian Arctic expedition to Greenland and Canadian Arctic Archipelago, 1928. Mason.

Sigurd Anderson Governor of South Dakota (1951-55). b. Arendal, Norway, Jan. 22, 1904 and brought to U.S. in 1906, becoming a citizen upon his father's naturalization in 1912. Graduated in law from the University of South Dakota in 1931. Was assistant attorney general of South Dakota in 1941-43 and later attorney general. Served as an officer in the U.S. Navy in WW2. Now with the Federal Trade Commission in Washington. He was raised in Coteau Lodge No. 54 at Webster, S. Dak. in 1943; member of Rabboni Chapter No. 23, RA.M., Webster; Temple Council No. 7 R. & S.M. Pierre; and Damascus Commandery No. 10, K.T. Aberdeen; 32° AASR at Yankton; Yelduz Shrine Temple at Aberdeen; Order of Eastern Star, Webster; and National Sojourners in Washington, D.C. He served as grand orator of the Grand Lodge of South Dakota.

Thomas 0. Anderson Naval officer U.S. Navy. As a lieutenant, he assisted Commodore Decatur in destroying the ship Philadelphia in the harbor of Tripoli in 1804. Raised in Harmony Lodge No. 23 Newton, N.J. on Nov. 28, 1803.

Victor Emanuel Anderson Governor of Nebraska since 1955. b. March 30, 1902 at Havelock, Nebr. Owner of Anderson Hardware & Plumbing Co. since 1924; Victor Anderson Bottle Gas Co. since 1946; president Havelock (Nebr.) National Bank; Nebraska state senator in 194950. Raised in George Washington Lodge No. 250, Lincoln, Nebr. in 1928. Member of AASR (SJ) at Lincoln, Nebraska. Also member of Shrine, Jesters and DeMolay.

Wilhelm A. Anderson Brigadier General U.S. Army. b. July 22, 1894 at Hana-Maui, T.H. Served as 1st lieutenant in WW1. Called to active service in 1940 and made brigadier general (temp.) in 1942. Mason and National Sojourner.

William F. Anderson (1860-1944) Bishop, Methodist Episcopal Church. b. April 22, 1860 at Morgantown, Va. (now W. Va.) Ordained in 1887 and elected bishop in 1908, retiring in 1932. During that time he was resident bishop of Chattanooga, Tenn., Cincinnati, Ohio, and Boston, Mass. He was acting president of Boston Univ. in 1925-26. Visited many foreign missions prior to WW1 and during that war made five trips abroad as member of Emergency and Reconstruction Committee of the church. Mason and 32° AASR.

William H. Anderson Prohibitionist. b. Aug. 8, 1874 at Carlinville, Ill. Graduated from Univ. of Michigan and Illinois Wesleyan. His attorney-ship for the Anti-Saloon League of Illinois led him into a lifetime fight against alcohol. His successful fight for the Illinois local option law brought him to New York in 1906-07 as associate supt. of the New York Anti-Saloon League and state supt. of the Maryland League from 1907-14. He returned to New York in 1914 and was general state supt. of their League until 1924, securing enough congressional votes to submit the 18th Amendment. His defeat of the Tammany organization caused them to indict him in July, 1923 for an "alteration" of the League's books (which the auditors had officially approved). He was convicted in Feb., 1924 and sent to the state prison for nine months in spite of the League's denunciation of it as "a monstrous perversion of justice." He founded the American Christian Alliance of which he has been general secretary since 1926. Mason and 32° AASR.

Gomez Freire d' Andrade (1685?-1763) Portuguese general and administrator. b. Coimbra. Governor and captain general of Rio de Janerio (1733-63.) Celebrated in de Gama's epic poem, Epicos Brasileiros. He was a Venerable of the Lodge Virtude at Lisbon and a member of the Lusitanio Grand Orient.

General Ignacio Andrade President of the Republic of Venezuela from 1898 to 1899. A 32° Freemason.

Thomas G. Andrews Count Gyula (Jules) Andrassy (1823-1890) Hungarian patriot and statesman. b. March 3, 1823. Allied himself with Louis Kossuth q.v. in the revolt of 1848 and was exiled until 1857 when he returned to Austria. During his exile he became a Freemason in 1851 in France. He was elected to the diet in 1861, becoming its vice-president in 1865. He was first constitutional prime minister in 1867, foreign minister in 1871, and plenipotentiary at Congress of Berlin in 1878. d. Feb. 18, 1890.

Christopher Karl Andre Austrian cleric. An active Freemason who resided at Brunn, Moravia, where, in 1789, he was director of the Evangelical Academy.

Johann Valentin Andrea (1586-1654) Protestant theologian, alchemist, satirical writer and early Rosicrucian. Said to have been a Mason. Grandson of Jakob Andrea, theologian active in organizing and uniting the Lutheran church in Germany.

Adolphus Andrews ( 1879 - 1948 ) Vice admiral commanding the Eastern Sea Frontier of WW2 (1942-43). b. Oct. 7, 1879 at Galveston, Texas and graduated from Naval Academy in 1907. Promoted through grades to rear admiral, 1934. Naval aid to Theodore Roosevelt, Harding and Coolidge. Commanded several ships including Mayflower, Massachusetts and Texas. Commanded New London, Conn. submarine base 1927-29; chief of staff Naval War College, 1931-33; chief of staff, U.S. Fleet, 1934-35; chief of Bureau of Navigation, 1935-38; Raised in Temple Noyes Lodge No. 32, Washington, D.C. on July 13, 1911, d. June 19, 1948.

Alexander B. Andrews (1873-1946) Lawyer, writer. b. Feb. 2, 1873 at Henderson, N.C. Admitted to N.C. bar in 1894. Prominent in Episcopal lay circles; delegate to American Council on Education 1932-37; member board of trustees Univ. of N.C. from 1927. Grand master of G.L. of N.C. 1917 and grand commander, grand commandery 1907. Wrote Digest of Masonic Law, 1841-1926. d. Oct. 21, 1946.

Charles 0. Andrews (?-1946) Senator from Florida from 1936-46. b. Ponce de Leon, Fla. Admitted to bar in 1907 and served variously as judge of criminal court, assistant attorney general of Florida, circuit judge and member of Florida house of representatives. Member of Orlando Lodge No. 69, Orlando. d. Sept. 18, 1946.

Frank Andrews (1864-1936) Judge, Supreme Court of Texas from 1918. b. Fayette Co., Texas, June 15, 1864. Assistant attorney general of Texas, 1891-95; judge court of civil appeals, 1899. d. Dec. 7, 1936. Mason.

Isaac Andrews Private secretary to George Washington. A member of Dundee Lodge No. 123, Dundee, N.Y.

Robert Andrews Revolutionary chaplain of the 2nd Virginia regiment in the Continental Army. This illustrious clergyman was the acting master of the meeting at which John Blair, Jr. was chosen as the first grand master of masons in Virginia on October 13, 1778, and later presided over the grand lodge when Blair was installed. He later became grand master himself. He was past master of Williamsburg lodge at the time he opened the October 13th meeting of the grand lodge.

Thomas G. Andrews (1882-1942) Justice, Supreme Court of Oklahoma 1929-35. b. Aug. 29, 1882. Admitted to Oklahoma bar in 1911. Active in Oddfellows, serving as G.M. of Oklahoma and representative to the supreme grand lodge for 14 years. Member of the ritual revision committee and chairman of judiciary committee (natl.). Elected grand sire 1937. He was a Knight Templar, 33° AASR and Shriner. d. Sept. 1942.

Harvey A. Andruss President of State Teachers College, Bloomsburg, Pa. since 1939. b. Feb. 19, 1902 at Fort Worth, Texas, he has had a long and distinguished career as teacher, lecturer and advisor to labor, business and government on business law, bookkeeping, accounting and civil service. Mason, 32° AASR.

William R. Angell (1877-1950) President of Continental Aeronautic Corp. b. Feb. 10, 1877 at Jesup, Iowa. Admitted to Illinois bar in 1899, beginning with Continental Motors in 1916 and becoming president from 1930-39. In addition to the Aeronautic Corp., he has served as president of Continental Aircraft Engine Co., Continental Divco Co., Home Finance Co. and Midland Corp., as well as being a director of several other companies. Mason. d. Jan. 25, 1950.

Frank M. Angellotti (1861-1932) Justice, Supreme Court of California, 1902-14. b. Sept. 4, 1861 at San Rafael, Calif. Raised in Marin Lodge No. 191, San Rafael Feb. 3, 1886, serving as master from 1888-90 and grand master of G.L. of California 1898-99. He was a member of the jurisprudence committee from 1899 until his death May 23, 1932.

Albert H. Angstman Justice, Supreme Court of Montana. b. March 23, 1888 at Farmington, Minn. Admitted to Minn. and Mont. bar in 1912. Assist, attorney-general of Montana 1921-28; assoc. justice supreme court 1929-35; counsel Public Service Comm. of Montana 1935-37; assoc. justice supreme court 1945-51. Raised in Helena Lodge No. 3, Helena, Mont. in 1918 and served as its master. Member of Helena Chapter No. 2, R.A.M. and past high priest; Helena Council No. 1, R. & S.M. and Helena Commandery No. 2, K.T. 32° AASR in Helena Consistory and member of Shrine since 1925.

Levi Ankeny (1844-1921) U.S. Senator from Washington 1903-09. b. Aug. 1, 1844 near St. Joseph, Mo., he crossed plains with parents to Oregon in 1850. Early in life he was a Wells Fargo agent and later in the mercantile business in Lewiston, Idaho, where he was the first mayor. He later moved to Walla Walla, Wash. where he was president of seven banks in Washington and Oregon. He became a member of Willamette Lodge No. 2 of Portland in 1866, affiliating with Walla Walla Lodge No. 7 in 1878, serving as master in 1881. He was past high priest of Walla Walla Chapter No. 1, R.A.M. and member of Washington Commandery, K.T. No. 1. He was a KCCH in Lawson Consistory, AASR and member of El Kalif Shrine at Spokane. d. March 29, 1921.

Louis Annance (1794-1875) Chief of the St. Francis Indians, a vigorous and powerful tribe of the Quebec province. b. Aug. 25, 1794 at Saint Francis du Lac in the county of Yamaska, Quebec. He received his early education from the Jesuits who subsequently secured his admission to a school in Hanover, N.H., but as he was about to enter college the war of 1812 was declared and he was summoned back to his tribe to serve under the British. In 1817 he publicly renounced Catholicism and joined the Congregationalists. It was about this time that he became, by laws and rules of his tribe, successor to his father as chief and ruler, but having become a Protestant, was subjected to persecution and annoyance so he moved to Hanover, N.H. where he connected himself with the Methodists and was made a Freemason in North Star Lodge of Lancaster, N.H. in 1834. In 1835 or 1836 he removed

26 Matthew Arbuckle to Greenville, Maine where he lived near Moosehead Lake. He died Dec. 25, 1875. The G.L. of Maine issued dispensation to Doric Lodge which erected a tombstone over his grave in the Greenville cemetery.

Martin C. Ansorge Congressman, lawyer and business executive. b. Jan. 1, 1882 at Corning, N.Y. Began law practice in New York City in 1906 after graduation from Columbia Univ. Member of the 67th Congress from N.Y. in 1921-23 and author of Edge-Ansorge Port of New York Authority bills for the comprehensive development of the Port of New York. Was one of the first to advocate construction of Tri-Borough Bridge and first chairman of its committee. Attorney for Henry Ford in SapiroBernstein libel cases. Director of United Air Lines. Raised in Mt. Nebo Lodge No. 257, New York City in 1907.

Charles L. Anspach College president. b. March 5, 1895 at Fremont, Ohio. Received degrees from Ashland College, Univ. of Toledo and Ph.D. from Univ. of Michigan in 1923. Was president of Ashland College (Ohio) from 1935-39 and has been president of Central Michigan College of Education at Mt. Pleasant since 1939. Active in many civic and religious organizations on state and national scale. Member of Ashland Lodge No. 151, Ashland Chapter No. 67, RAM, Ashland Council No. 128 R. & SM., all of Ashland, Ohio, and Mansfield Commandery, K.T. No. 21 of Mansfield, Ohio. Received 32° AASR (NJ) in Bay City Consistory, Bay City, Mich., and is a member of Elf Khurafeh Shrine Temple, Saginaw, Mich.

Jules Anspach (1826-1879) Lord mayor of Brussels, Belgium and master of the lodge Les Amis Philantropes.

Duke d' Antin Elected "perpetual Grand Master" of the Freemasons of France on June 24, 1738, serving until 1743.

Dr. Carl Gottlob von Anton German Masonic writer who wrote several books on Templarism. d. Gorlitz, Nov. 17, 1818.

Earl of Antrim (see William Randal) Frank Appleby (1864-1924) Congressman from N.J., 67th Congress (1921-23). b. Oct. 10, 1864. In real estate and insurance business in Asbury Park, N.J. starting in 1885. Member N.J. State Board of Education from 1894-1902. Mason. d. Dec. 15, 1924.

Troy W. Appleby (1874-1947) President of Ohio National Life Insurance Co. b. Oct. 2, 1874 at Morrisville, Mo. Started with the Ohio company as an actuary in 1905 and served as president from 1922. Active in many youth and social organizations and Methodist church. d. April 21, 1947. Mason and 32° AASR.

Sylvanus Apps Ice hockey player. Captain of the Toronto Maple Leafs. Member of University Lodge No. 496, Toronto, Ont., Canada.

Matthew Arbuckle (1774-1851) Brigadier General in Mexican War. b. Greenbrier, Va. in 1774, he entered the U.S. Army as an ensign in 1800. Was sent to the Oklahoma territory to supervise the newly removed Indian tribes in 1821, establishing Fort Gibson and Fort Towson near the Kiamichi for this purpose. Fort Arbuckle was named for him. d. June 11, 1851 at Fort Smith and buried with military and Masonic honors. The remains were afterwards reinterred at his birthplace.

John Arbuthnot (1667-1735) Scottish physician and writer. Was physician in ordinary to Queen Anne (1709). A close friend of Swift, he authored witty political pamphlets including The History of John Bull, a satire against the Duke of Marlborough, which popularized and fixed the modern conception of John Bull as the typical Englishman. He was also the author of a number of medical and scientific papers. Reported to be member of a London lodge.

Branch T. Archer (1790-1856) Texas patriot. b. in Virginia and came to Texas in 1831 where he was active in measures for Texas independence. He served as secretary of war of Texas under President Lamar. He was raised in Harmony Lodge No. 62 at Pridewell, Amelia Co., Va. in 1808 and later became a member of Manchester Lodge No. 14 at Manchester becoming its master in 1821. He signed the petition for St. John's Lodge No. 5 of Texas.

P. C. Archer General in Confederate Army. Member of Paris Cornmandery, K.T. No. 9 of Texas.

Leslie C. Arends Congressman from Illinois to 74th to 81st Congresses (1935-51). b. Sept. 27, 1895. Mason.

James C. Argetsinger (1883-1955) Vice president of Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. b. Dec. 12, 1883 at Burdet, N.Y. Lawyer. Secretary of the above firm from 1932-49. Vice president since 1935. Mason. d. June 16, 1955.

7th Duke of Argyle (George William) 54th Grand Master Mason of Scotland, 1822-23.

Modeste Armijo Former Nicaraguan minister of education and chief justice of the Supreme Court. A Masonic guest in Connecticut in June 1945.

Lewis A. Armistead (1817-1863) American army officer. b. New Bern, N.C., he served in the U.S. army from 1839-61 and in the Confederate army 1861-63, receiving the rank of brigadier general in 1862. He was killed in Pickett's charge at Gettysburg. Member of Alexandria Lodge No. 22, Alexandria, Va. Also charter member of Union Lodge No. 7, Ft. Riley, Kans.

David H. Armstrong(1812-1893)U.S. Senator from Missouri 1877-79. b. Oct. 21, 1812 in Nova Scotia, Canada. He received an academic education at the Maine Wesleyan seminary and moved to St. Louis in 1837 where he opened and taught the first public school in the state on April 1, 1838. He was comptroller of St. Louis from 1847 to 1850 and a member of the board of police commissioners from 1873-75 and again in 1877. Armstrong was a member of Washington Lodge No. 9 of St. Louis.

Donald Armstrong Brigadier General, U.S. Army and business executive. b. April 15, 1889. Served in the two world wars. Promoted to general rank in 1942 and was chief of the Tank Automotive Center at Detroit in 1942; commanding general of Ordnance Replacement Training Center, Aberdeen, Md. 1943; commandant of Army Industrial College, Washington, D.C. 1944. President of U.S. Pipe and Foundry Co. since 1948. Mason.

George E. Armstrong Brigadier General U.S. Army, surgeon. b. Lawrence Co., Ind. Aug. 4, 1900. Served in Army Medical Corps since 1925. Theater surgeon of C.B.I. and later surgeon China Theater 1944-46. Deputy surgeon-general with rank of general since June 1947. Raised in Bedford Lodge No. 14, Bedford, Ind. on March 12, 1922. AASR membership in Valley of Indianapolis; 33°, honorary. Member of Murat Shrine Temple, Indianapolis.

Harry L. Armstrong President of Castle Heights Military Academy, Lebanon, Tenn. since 1929. b. July 19, 1888 at Logan, Ohio. President of Association of Military Colleges and Schools of the U.S. in 1942. Raised in Mingo Lodge No. 171, Logan, Ohio in 1909.

Harry W. Armstrong (1879-1951) American composer famous for the all-time favorite Sweet Adeline which he wrote in 1903 with words by Richard H. Gerard. b. Somerville, Mass. He was raised Feb. 20, 1922 in Montgomery Lodge No. 68, New York City and affiliated with John Stewart Lodge No. 871 in 1932.

John Armstrong ( 1758 - 1843 ) American revolutionary officer; general in War of 1812, secretary of war, U.S. senator and minister to France. b. Carlisle, Pa. Was deputy adjutant general in the American Revolution and wounded at Germantown. In 1783 he wrote a series of anonymous letters in effort to force Congress to pay arrears to army officers. He was U.S. senator from New York from 180004 and U.S. minister to France 180410. As secretary of war 1813-14, he was held responsible by many for the military failures in the War of 1812. Raised in Army Lodge No. 19 on register of G.L. of Pennsylvania and later seems to have become a member of Old Cone Lodge No. 9 at Salisbury, N.C. He may have affiliated later in New York as there is such a name listed as a member of Hibernia Lodge No. 339.

J. P. Taylor Armstrong Business executive. b. New London, Conn. July 1, 1882. President of Belding Heminway Co. since 1937; president Corti-cell Silk Co. 1920-32, working hisway up from mill clerk. Director of La France Industries, United States Testing Co., Stowell Silk Spool Co. Active in local government and charities. Mason and 32° AASR (N.J.).

Lebbeus Armstrong Anti-Mason. A clergyman who became a Scottish Rite Mason and later an anti-Mason.

Sir Richard Armstrong (?-1823) British lieutenant general commanding forces in West Canada. He entered the Queen's Rangers as a captain and afterward became major. He showed great efficiency as a partisan officer on the Royalist side during the Revolution. In 1783 he was appointed with Capt. Saunders to prepare a parting address for Col. John G. Simcoe q.v., the intrepid leader of the rangers. He was advanced to colonel in 1797; to major general in 1803 and to lieutenant general in 1809. A Mason.

Thomas Armstrong, Jr. (1857-1937) Lawyer, public benefactor. b. July 18, 1857. Admitted to Wisconsin bar in 1880 and practiced in Portage. President of 1st National Bank of Portage 1891-92, moving to Phoenix, Arizona in 1892 where he engaged in law practice and was president of the 1st National Bank of Arizona 1924-29. He was the donor of the Pueblo Grande Ancient Ruins to the city of Phoenix. d. Nov. 1937. Mason.

Edward F. Arn Governor of Kansas 1952-55. b. Kansas City, Kansas May 19, 1906. Began law practice in Wichita in 1936; attorney general of Kansas 1947-49; associate justice Supreme Court of Kansas 1949-51. Raised in Wyandotte Lodge No. 3, Kansas City, Kansas in 1927. 32° AASR (SJ), Orient of Kansas at Wichita, National Sojourners Chapter No. 24 at Wichita, DeMolay Legion of Honor and Senior member, International Supreme Council, Order of DeMolay. Member of Midian Shrine of Wichita and member of patrol from 1937-47; honorary life member of Korein Temple at Rawlins, Wyo. and deputy to imperial potentate of the Shrine in 1954-55.

Elmer R. Am (1886-1951) Surgeon. b. July 8, 1886 at Arnhelm, Ohio. Received M.D. from Univ. of Cincinnati in 1911 and did post graduate work in Berlin and Vienna Universities. Specialist in goiter. Dr. Arn became a Mason in 1908. As grand master of the G.L. of Ohio (1935-36) he devoted much of his time to the Ohio Masonic Home—a service which he continued until his death. In 1930 he received the 33° and two years later was crowned an active member of the Supreme Council being elected deputy for Ohio in 1946 and continuing until he retired in 1950. His most distinctive service to Freemasonry was his leadership of the George Washington Masonic National Memorial Association from 1938 until his death. In those 13 years he visited grand lodges throughout the country presenting this cause which meant most to him. He died December 24, 1951 and, in compliance with Arn's request, his ashes were dropped by airplane on the Washington memorial.

Ellis G. Arna11 Governor of Georgia, 1943-47. b. March 20, 1907 at Newnan, Ga. Admitted to Georgia bar in 1931. Served as member of state house of representatives and speaker pro tern from 1933-37; attorney general of Georgia 1939-43. Since 1947 he has been president of the Dixie Life Insurance Co.; president of the Society of Independent Motion Picture Producers since 1948. From 1947-51 he was a member of the National Comm. for UNESCO. Member of Cowetta Lodge No. 60 at Newnan, Ga., since 1931.

Albert F. Arnason State commissioner of higher education, North Dakota since 1943. b. Hensel, N.D., March 12, 1908. Taught in public schools and became president of N.D. School of Forestry, 1938-43. Mason.

Thomas A. Arne (1710-1778) English musical composer. He wrote music for Joseph Addison's Rosamund (1733); Fielding's Tom Thumb, or the Opera of Operas (1733); Milton's Comus (1738); Thomson and Mallet's Masque of Alfred (1740 which included the song Rule Britannia). In addition to the oratorios Abel (1755) and Judith (1764), he composed many songs, as those for the Tempest (1746) and light operas. Mason.

Ben Arnold Justice, Supreme Court of Oklahoma 1941-53. b. Newark, Ark., Oct. 24, 1892. LL.B. from Univ. of Oklahoma in 1925 and admitted to bar same year. Mason, 32° AASR, Shriner.

Benedict Arnold (1741-1801) America's most notorious traitor. b. Norwich, Conn., Jan. 14, 1741. His early life was spent in trade with the West Indies, but volunteered for service at the outbreak of the Revolution and with Ethan Allen q.v. captured Fort Ticonderoga on May 10, 1775. He was the leader of an unsuccessful campaign to capture Quebec in 1775, but, as a brigadier general in 1776, stopped a British thrust from Canada down Lake Champlain. In 1777 as a major general he repulsed a British force in the Mohawk Valley and aided in forcing Burgoyne's surrender. While in Philadelphia (1778-79) as commander, he was court-martialed for irregularities and reprimanded by Washington (in kind words). It was here that he began treasonable correspondence with the British and while in command at West Point (1780), he arranged to surrender that key position to the British. The plot was discovered by the capture of Major Andre on Sept. 23, and Arnold fled to the British. He was commissioned a brigadier general in the British army and received £6,315 in compensation for his property losses. He then led an expedition into Virginia which burned Richmond and made an attack on New London, Conn. in Sept. 1781, returning to London in December of that year. Disappointed at the failure of his plans and embittered by the neglect and scorn which he met in England, he gradually sank into a melancholia and died in London June 14, 1801. His last words were reported as: "Let me die in the old uniform in which I fought my battles for freedom. May God forgive me for putting on any other." There is no question that Arnold was a Freemason. Wallace in his Traitorous Hero says he was admitted a member in a lodge "in the West Indies" which may well be true as he was there in his early days before the Revolution. The first record in Book II of Hiram Lodge No. 1, New Haven, Conn. (April 10, 1765) record that "Br. Benedict Arnold is by R.W. (Nathan Whiting) proposed to be made a member (i.e. an affiliate) of this R.W. Lodge, and is accordingly made a member in this Lodge." This was ten years before his first action in the Revolution. His name appears frequently on the records of Hiram lodge until about 1772. After his defection the lodge erased his name from membership and he was abandoned as a Mason. On June 12, 1771 he visited Solomons Lodge No. 1 at Poughkeepsie, N.Y. and on May 16, 1781 the lodge by vote "ordered that the name of Benedict Arnold be considered as obliterated from the minutes of this Lodge; a Traitor" (with figure of a hand pointing to word "traitor.") This was done and the old records show his name partially obliterated by pen marks.

Henry H. "Hap" Arnold (1886-1950) Commanding general of the U.S. Air Force. b. June 25, 1886 at Gladwyne, Pa. Graduated from West Point in 1907 and a pioneer in military aviation, who in 1912 was awarded a trophy for "a 30-mile flight." From a 2nd lieutenant in 1907 he advanced to the highest American rank in 1944—that of a 5-star general. He was flight commander of the U.S. Alaska Flight of 1934; assistant chief Air Corps, 1936-38; chief of Army Air Corps, 1938; commanding general Army Air Forces, 1942. He was raised in Union Lodge No. 7, Junction City, Kansas on Nov. 3, 1927, received the 32° AASR on April 11, 1929 at Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas and 33° on Oct. 19, 1945. d. Jan. 15, 1950. On Nov. 21, 1958 the lodge at Edwards A.F.B., Calif. was constituted as General Henry H. Arnold Lodge No. 791.

John C. Arnold Justice, Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. b. March 10, 1887 at Durwensville, Pa. Admitted to Pennsylvania bar in 1910. Judge of superior court (appellate) 1945-53. Justice of supreme court since 1953. Raised in Garfield Lodge No. 559, DuBois, Pa. on Nov. 7, 1912. Member of AASR, Valley of Williamsport, Pa. and received 33° in 1952. Member of Jaffa Shrine Temple at Altoona, Pa.

Remmie LeRoy Arnold Pen manufacturer and Imperial Potentate of Shrine (1953-54). b. Jan. 25, 1894 at Petersburg, Va. Started the R. L. Arnold Pen Co. in 1935 which has grown to the second largest pen company in the world. Served as president of the American War Dads during WW2, making a trip to England as guest of Lord Halifax, British Ambassador, visiting camps, hospitals and front lines. On his return he toured the United States at his own expense to report directly to the American people and wrote over 5,000 letters to parents of men with whom he had talked. Served as president of the Southern States Industrial Council. Ran for governor of Virginia in 1949. Raised in Powhatan Starke Lodge No. 124, Petersburg, Va. on Feb. 24, 1928. Royal Arch Mason and Knight Templar in 1930 and 32° AASR in 1928. Received Royal Arch in Petersburg Chapter No. 7, R.A.M. and knighted in Appomattox Commandery No. 6, both of Petersburg, Va. in 1930. AASR (ST) in Richmond, Va., receiving 33°. Member of Acca Temple, Royal Order of Scotland, Royal Order of Jesters in Richmond, Order of Quetzacoatle in Mexico City, National Sojourners and Heroes of '76 at Fort Lee, Va., chairman of board of Shriners Hospitals, and Legion of Honor, DeMolay.

Samuel W. "Wat" Arnold Congressman from Missouri 78th to 80th Congresses (1943-49). b. Sept. 21, 1879 near Downing, Mo. Taught school and served as superintendent from 1896 to 1903. Owner of lumber business and radio stations. Member of the following Masonic bodies of Kirksville, Mo. Adair Lodge No. 366; Caldwell Chapter No. 53, R.A.M; Ely Commandery No. 22.

William W. Arnold Congressman from Illinois to 68th to 74th Congresses (1923-37), resigning to become member of U.S. Board of Tax Appeals (now The Tax Court of the U.S.) on which he has served since 1937. Knight Templar and 32° AASR. Died Nov. 23, 1957.

Sir Lauriston J. Arnott Managing Director of the Irish Times, Dublin, Ireland. Served as master of Meridian Lodge XII in Dublin in 1952. Also member of Lodge of Erin No. 2895, London, England.

Jacob Aronson (1887-1951) Vice president and general counsel of New York Central Railroad since 1947. b. Jan. 2, 1887 at Brooklyn, N.Y. Admitted to N.Y. bar in 1908. Associated with New York Central since 1906 as attorney, general attorney and counsel. Director of several other corporations. Mason. d. Jan. 13, 1951.

J. Hugo Aronson Governor of Montana since 1952. b. Sept. 1, 1891, Gallstad, Sweden. Came to U.S. in 1911. Director of Toole Co. Bank, Shelby, Mont. since 1927 and president since 1940. Member state house of representatives 1939-45; senator 1945-53. Mason. King Gustav VI Adolf q.v. of Sweden appointed him as representative of the G.L. of Sweden to the G.L. of Montana. His appointment was in Swedish, accompanied by an English translation, but Aronson could read the original. Received degrees in Shelby Lodge No. 143, in 1924 and later demitted to Cut Bank Lodge No. 82, Cut Bank, Mont. Member of Tyrean Chapter 34, R.A.M. and Cut Bank Council R. & S.M. No. 11 at Cut Bank and Golden West Commandery 24, K.T. at Shelby, Mont. 32° AASR in Valley of Helena. Was senior steward of Shelby Lodge at time of his transfer. Member of Algeria Shrine Temple and Shelby Chapter No. 113, O.E.S. Received "Hats Off" award from Edward C. Day Chapter, DeMolay in Helena.

Chester A. Arthur (1830-66) President of the United States, 1881-85 on death of Garfield. Was not a Mason. Although often referred to as a "Mason, brother, and worthy member of the Craft" by early publications, there is not one shred of evidence that points to his membership.

Harold J. Arthur Governor of Vermont. b. Feb. 9, 1904 at Whitehall, N.Y. Admitted to bar in 1932 and has been in civil and criminal practice since that date. Clerk of Vermont lower house 1939-43, lieut. governor of Vermont 1949-50 and elected governor in 1950. Served as an officer, U.S. Army WW2, 1941-46. Mason, Knight Templar, 32° AASR (NJ) and Shriner.

John M. Arthur Brigadier general U.S. Marine Corps. b. April 12, 1893. Graduate of Infantry School, Fort Benning, Command and General Staff School, Ft. Leavenworth, Naval War College. From 2nd lieutenant Marine Corps in 1917 he advanced to brigadier general in 1946. Served in Cuba 1917-19. Aide to White House during Harding and Coolidge administrations. Subsequently served in Nicaragua, China. Legislative liaison officer of Marine Corps to Congress, 1934-37. Chief-of-staff, Fleet Marine Force 1940-41; commander of combined forces during Guadalcanal campaign 1942-43. Mason.

Thomas Arthur (1860-1925) Chief justice, Supreme Court of Iowa (192325). b. July 12, 1860. LL.B. University of Iowa. Judge of district court of Iowa, 1911-20; justice Supreme Court of Iowa, 1920-23. Mason. d. Sept. 15, 1925.

Gotthardus Arthusius Wrote many works on Rosicrucianism under the assumed name of Irenaeus Agnostus. Was rector of the gymnasium of Frankfort-on-the-Main.

Earl of Arundel (Thomas Howard) (1585?-1646) Tradition places him as grand master of English Freemasons from 1633 to 1635 and the claim is in accordance with the accounts of Anderson and Preston. He was the 14th Earl, and became a Protestant in 1615; president of the committee of peers on Bacon's case in 1621; general of the army against the Scots in 1639. He was one of the first large scale collectors of art in England, and his collection of statues, pictures, guns, coins, manuscripts and marbles was presented to Oxford in 1667 by his grandson.

William Arundel (?-1816) Early American merchant and fur trader. He was first secretary of Western Star Lodge No. 107 at Kaskaskia, the first capital of Illinois. Arundel was raised in St. Andrews Lodge, Quebec, Canada. When No. 107 at Kaskaskia was formed on Sept. 27, 1805, he was a charter member. He was located at Kahokia (Ill.) as early as 1783, but had resided near Peoria at an earlier date. He had emigrated from Ireland to Canada and possessed a good education for that time.

Jacob M. Arvey Political boss of Chicago and prominent national Democratic political figure. b. Chicago, Nov. 3, 1895. Served as state's attorney in 1918-20; master in chancery, circuit court of Cook Co. 1930-34; alderman 24th ward, Chicago, 192341; chairman Cook Co. Central Committee, Democratic party. Mason.

Charles G. Ashbrook President of North American Life Insurance Co. of Chicago. b. Nov. 1899 at Granville, Ohio. Graduated from Denver Univ. in 1921 and started as a clerk with North American, working his way successively up to president in 1955. Raised in Nunda Lodge No. 169, Crystal Lake, Ill. on May 7, 1938. Member of Woodstock Chapter No. 36, R.A.M. and Woodstock Council, R. & S.M. and Calvary Commandery No. 25, K.T. all of Woodstock, Illinois. Served as master of Nunda Lodge No. 169 in 1942. Joined Medinah Shrine Temple in 1943.

Frank G. Ashbrook Fur animal expert. b. York, Pa., Oct. 20, 1892. B.S. in agriculture, Pa. State College, 1914; with Bureau of Animal Industry, Dept. of Agriculture 1914-18 and on leave from dept. to French High Commission, 1919-20. In charge of fur-bearing animal work, Div. of Fur Resources, Biological Surveys, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture since 1921. Traveled in Japan and China in 1937 for Treasury Dept. to obtain information on methods of dressing dog, lamb and kid skins imported to U.S. Author of many books in field. Mason.

William A. Ashbrook (1867-1940) Congressman from Ohio to 60th to 65th Congresses (1907-21) and 74th and 75th Congresses (1935-39) from 17th Ohio district. b. July 1, 1867 at Johnstown, Ohio. Publisher and editor of Johnstown Independent from 1885-1940. Mason. d. Jan. 1, 1940.

George F. Ashby Railroad president b. Sept 3, 1885 at Mt. Airy, N.C. Started with railroad industry as a clerk with the Atlantic Coast Line in 1906. With Union Pacific RR Co. since 1921, serving as president and director 1946-49. Also president and director of Oregon Short Line, Oregon-Washington RR and Navigation Co.; Los Angeles and Salt Lake RR; St. Joseph and Grand Island; Laramie North Park and Western; Saratoga and Encampment Valley and Des Chutes RR. Mason and Shriner.

Turner Ashby (1824-1862) Confederate Brigadier General in Civil War. b. Rose Hill, Va. He was a grain dealer in Markham, Va., and afterward a planter and politician. At the outbreak of the Civil War he raised a regiment of cavalry. Being a fine horseman and daring by nature, he soon distinguished himself. He met his death in a skirmish preceding the battle of Cross Keys, Va. on June 6, 1862. He was a member of Equality Lodge No. 44, Martinsburg, W. Va. and was buried Ma-sonically.

Bowman F. Ashe ( 1 88 5 - 1 95 2 ) President of University of Miami from 1926. b. Scottdale, Pa., April 3, 1885. Regional director Social Security Board for Southeastern States, 1936-38 and regional director War Manpower Committee for Southeastern States, 1942. Mason. d. Dec. 16, 1952.

Rev. Jonathan Ashe Author of Masonic Manual, 1814 which he copies from Hutchinson without giving credit.

Dr. Carl Wilhelm Asher First translator into German of the Halliwell or Regius Manuscript, which he published at Hamburg in 1842 under the title of Alteste Urkunde der Freimaurerei.

Edward Ashley (1854-1931) Clergyman, missionary to Dakota Indians. b. Road Hill, England Dec. 12, 1854, came to U.S. in 1873 and naturalized in 1889. Became Episcopalian deacon in 1877 and priest in 1881. Served as general missionary among Sioux Indians for 57 years. Mason and 33° deputy in South Dakota for Supreme Council (SJ). d. March 30, 1931.

James M. Ashley (1824-?) Governor of Montana. b. Nov. 14, 1824 near Pittsburgh, Pa. Clerked on boats of Ohio and Mississippi rivers, became editor of the Dispatch and later the Democrat at Portsmouth, 0. Admitted to bar, but never practiced. Elected five times to U.S. Congress from Ohio, serving from 1859-1869. Four times chairman of the committee on territories, it was under his supervision that the territories of Arizona, Idaho and Montana were organized. Appointed governor of Montana in 1869. Raised March 2, 1853 in Toledo Lodge No. 144, Toledo, Ohio.

Elias Ashmole (1617-1692) Most learned English antiquarian of his day. A Royalist in the Civil War. In 1672 he published an exhaustive history of the Order of the Garter which is now an exceedingly rare volume. In 1677 he presented a collection of rarities to Oxford University which became the Ashmolean Museum. His importance to Freemasonry stems from the diary which he kept with great care. Masonic historians have generally set the date of speculative Masonry as 1717 when the G.L. of England was formed. His diary entry of Oct. 16, 1646 stated that he had been made a Freemason at 4:30 p.m. at Warrington, Lancashire with Col. Henry Mainwaring of Karincham, Cheshire. At this time Ashmole was a captain in Lord Ashley's regiment and also Comptroller of the Ordnance on the King's side. Mainwaring, of whom there is frequent mention in the bulletins of the civil war, was a staunch Parliamentarian. The diary also gives the names of those that were then members of the lodge which seems to justify the conclusion that they were in the habit of associating in Masonic fellowship for some time. It is noteworthy that not a single operative Mason was present on this date. His diary therefore earned him the name of "first speculative English Freemason." d. May 18, 1692.

Henry F. Ashurst Former U.S. Senator from Arizona. Married as Catholic and afterwards withdrew from the fraternity.

John W. Askew Comptroller of Post Office Department, Washington, D.C. since 1949. b. Nov. 1, 1901. With postal service since 1920. Now regional comptroller at Atlanta, Ga. Raised Oct. 6, 1925 in Corinthian Lodge No. 266 at Norfolk, Va.

William D. Askren Justice Supreme Court State of Washington 1924-28. b. Oct. 1, 1885 Mount Ayr, Iowa. Admitted to bar 1908. Judge of Superior Court, 1920-04. Mason and past potentate Ai Shrine Temple, 1926-27.

Richard Aspinall Educator. b. Dec. 1, 1881 at Bolton, England. President Western State College, Gunnison, Colo., 1927-30. Director of student affairs and assistant to president of West Virginia University 1930-48. Superintendent of Moosehart Home and School, Moosehart, Ill. (Loyal Order of Moose) since 1948. Received his degrees in Terra Alta Lodge No. 106, W. Va. about 1922 and later member of Morgantown Union Lodge No. 4, Morgantown, W. Va. 32° AASR(SJ) at Wheeling, W. Va. and KCCH. Member of Osiris Shrine Temple at Wheeling. Served as grand prelate, Grand Lodge of West Virginia circa 1932-44. Has served many times as orator for Masonic events. Grand chaplain G.L. of W.V. 1936-43.

Wayne N. Aspinall Congressman from Colorado to 81st Congress (194951). b. April 3, 1896 at Middleburg, Ohio. Graduate of Univ. of Denver and Denver Law School. Admitted to bar 1925. Member of state legislature of Colorado from 1931-38 and speaker of house 1937-38. State senator 1939-48. Participated in Normandy drive WW1 as American officer with British forces. Raised in Palisade Lodge No. 125, Palisade, Colo. in 1926. Member of Grand Junction Chapter No. 24, R.A.M.; Grand Junction Council No. 16 R. & S.M. and Temple Commandery No. 23, K.T., all of Grand Junction, Colo. 32° AASR (SJ) in Valley of Grand Junction, receiving KCCH. Served as master of Palisade lodge and also as secretary. Member of El Jebel Shrine Temple.

Rupert F. Asplund (1875-1952) Tax and budget expert. b. June 26, 1875 at Little Indian, Ill. M.A. and LL.D., Illinois College, Jacksonville, Ill. Instructor of Latin and Greek at Univ. of New Mexico 1902-09. Secretary State Tax Commission (N.M.) 1917-18; director Taxpayers' Assn. of N.M. since 1918; editor and manager of N.M. Journal of Education, 190719; director of N.M. State Budget, 1919-41; comptroller State of N.M. 1930. Grand Master of G.L. of N.M. 1947-48. Deputy of Supreme Council AASR (SJ) for N.M. from 1935. d. Dec. 7, 1952.

John Jacob Astor (1763-1848) German-American financier and czar of the fur trade. b. Duchy of Baden, Germany, July 17, 1763, corning to U.S. in 1784 and entering the fur trade. He incorporated the American Fur Co. in 1808 and the Pacific Fur Co. in 1810. He founded the city of Astoria at the mouth of the Columbia River as a trading post but lost it to the British in 1813. During the War of 1812 he made large and profitable loans to the government. Astor invested heavily in New York real estate and by 1817 had monopolized the Mississippi valley fur trade and that of the upper Missouri from 182234. He sold his fur interests in 1834 and retired to administer one of the largest fortunes made in America. He was one of the first members of Holland Lodge No. 8, New York City and served as master in 1788. He was grand treasurer of the G.L. of New York from 1798 to 1801; was junior grand warden pro tern on two occasions, 1798 and 1801. For a time he was secretary of a commandery (then called encampment) that met in Holland lodge room at 66 Liberty street, New York City. d. March 29, 1848.

David R. Atchison (1807-1886) Ex-officio President of the United States for one day (March 4, 1849) because President Taylor was not sworn in until March 5. b. Aug. 11, 1807 at Frogtown, Ky. Lawyer, politician and congressman, 1843-55. Member of Platte Lodge No. 56, Platte City, Mo. (now extinct). d. June 26, 1886.

King Athelstan (895-940) King of England; son of King Edward the Elder and grandson of King Alfred the Great. His connection with Masonry is purely legendary, resting on the Old Charges. The Regius Poem states that: "Thys craft corn yn to englond as y yow say yn tyme of good kynge adelsonus day." It is further stated that he summoned an assembly of Masons for the purpose of drawing up a charter. A later manuscript refers to a charter he gave to the Masons on the intercession of his son, Edwin, but Athelstan died unmarried.

John 3rd Duke of Atholl (17291774) Heir to Scottish title held by Murray family. Sold the sovereignty of Isle of Man to the British Crown in 1765. Grand master, G.L. of England (Antients) 1771-74. Also G.M. of Scotland in 1773. (Scots spell it "Athole.") John, 4th Duke of Atholl (17551830) Created Earl Strange in peerage of Great Britain in 1786. He succeeded his father as grand master of G.L. of England in 1775, serving until 1781 and again from 1791-1813. Was grand master of G.L. of Scotland from 1778 to 1779.

George Augustis, 6th Duke of Atholl Served as 66th Grand Master Mason of Scotland 1843-63 while Lord Glenlyon. He was grand master of England from 1843 until his death in January, 1864. The three craft degrees were confered upon him at the same time and he was installed as master at the same meeting in Grand Master Lodge No. 1.

John George, 8th Duke of Atholl Served as 79th Grand Master Mason of Scotland 1909-13 while Marquis of Tullibardine. He later became the 8th Duke of Atholl.

Harry W. Atkins Poultry industry executive. b. May 16, 1883 at Streator, Ill. Judged 800 poultry shows and fairs in 38 years. Supt. poultry department lowana Farms, 1910-16. Owner of Atkins Farm Hatchery and Atkins Poultry Sales until 1943. President of American Poultry Association 1938-40 and secretary since 1940. Former concert work with Atkins Family Band and Orchestra. Organized and directed Kaaba Shrine band 1915-25. Raised in Amity Lodge No. 483, Huntington, Ind. on June 3, 1912. 32° at Davenport, Iowa in 1915. Member of Mohassan Grotto.

Smith D. Atkins General, Union Army, Civil War. Mason and Knight Templar at Galena, Ill. Member Illinois Masonic Veterans Association.

Arthur K. Atkinson President of the Wabash Railroad since 1947. b. Denver, Colo., Oct. 19, 1891. Started as office boy with the D. & R.G. Railroad in 1909. Has been with Wabash since 1922. He is also an officer and director of the following railroads: Ann Arbor Boat Co., Ann Arbor Ry. Co., Detroit & Western, Lake Erie & Fort Wayne; Manistique & Lake Superior, Menominee & St. Paul, N.J., Indiana & Illinois, Wabash Motor Transit Co., Wabash Radio Corp., American Refrigerator Transit Co., Belt Ry. of Chicago, Chicago & Western Indiana, Kansas City Terminal. A Freemason since 1924, he is a member of University City Lodge No. 649 (Mo.), exalted in Cabany Chapter No. 140, R.A.M. Nov. 26, 1948 and knighted in St. Aldemar Commandery No. 18, K.T. March 18, 1949. Council degrees in Hiram Council No. 1, St. Louis, Sept. 3, 1952. AASR (SJ) in Valley of St. Louis in 1948; KCCH on Oct. 20, 1953, he is president of the Scottish Rite Endowment, Philanthropic and Educational Foundation and junior warden in St. Louis Lodge of Perfection. He is viceroy of St. Louis Conclave No. 42, Red Cross of Constantine and president of KCCH in 1956. Member of Moolah Shrine Temple. Member of board of governors of St. Louis Shrine Hospital. Member of board of governors of DeMolay Foundation, Inc. Active member-at-large for life of the International Supreme Council, Order of DeMolay and member of Royal Order of Jesters, St. Louis Court No. 81, since 1950.

George W. Atkinson (1845-1925) Governor of West Virginia 1897-1901. b. June 29, 1845 at Charleston, Va. (now W.Va.). Served as internal revenue agent, postmaster and U.S. Marshal. Member of 51st Congress (1889-91). Judge U.S. Court of Claims 1905-16. Raised in Kanawha Lodge No. 20, Charleston Oct. 12, 1866. Wasgrand master of W.Va. in 1876 and grand secretary of the G.L. of W. Va. from 1897 to 1901. Knight Templar. d. April 4, 1925.

Harry H. Atkinson Lawyer and U.S. Attorney for Nevada from 192634. b. Salt Lake City, Utah, May 22, 1881. Law degree from Stanford in 1903. Admitted to California and Nevada bar in 1906. Served with 1st Troop, Utah, U.S. Vol. Cay. in Spanish American War. Grand master of the G.L. of Nevada 1920-21.

Theodore Atkinson Secretary of the Province of New Hampshire (before statehood) and chief justice of New Hampshire in 1754. Admitted December 22 (St. John's Day) to St. John's Lodge No. 1, Portsmouth, N.H.

William Y. Atkinson (1855-1899) Governor of Georgia, 1894-96. b. Oakland, Ga. and graduated from state university in 1877. Admitted to Georgia bar in 1878. Member of state legislature 1886-94, being speaker the last three years. In 1889 he founded the Georgia Normal and Industrial College and was president of the board of trustees. Buried Masonically.

William W. Atterbury (1866-1935) President of the Pennsylvania Railroad from 1925. b. Jan. 31, 1866 at New Albany, Ind. Graduated from Yale and started as an apprentice in the Altoona shops of the Pennsylvania R.R. in 1886. While vice president in charge of operations, he was granted a leave of absence in 1917 to direct the construction and operation of U.S. military railways in France, and was commissioned brigadier general. Was officer and trustee of many corporations. He was raised in Colonial Lodge No. 631, Philadelphia, Pa. in 1895. d. Sept. 20, 1935.

Frank E. Atwood (1878-1943) Judge, Supreme Court of Missouri 1925-35. b. Carrollton, Mo., Oct. 5, 1878. Attended Missouri University and William Jewell College. Admitted to Missouri bar in 1904. Member of Missouri Constitutional Convention of 1922. Mason. d. March 5, 1943. Belonged to Wakanda Lodge No. 52 at Carrollton and exalted in George Washington Chapter No. 24, R.A.M. Nov. 21, 1913, demitting from latter in 1938.

Henry C. Atwood (?-1860) Masonic writer. b. Connecticut and settled in New York in 1825. Raised in York Lodge No. 197, New York in 1835. Published The Master Workman; or True Masonic Guide in 1850. Organized a lodge and introduced ritual of Jeremy L. Cross. Was a leader in establishing St. John's G.L. and was grand master at the union in 1851. d. 1860.

W. K. Au One of the leaders in the establishment of the Grand Lodge of China, and foremost Chinese Freemason of the present day. He served for several years as an officer in his lodge and grand lodge.

Lord Auckland (see William Eden) Lord John Touchet Audley Anderson states he was Grand Master of England from 15404548. He was a patron of the building art in Magdalene College, Cambridge.

John James Audubon (1785-1851) American ornithologist and artist known for his imposing works in full color of Birds of America (1827-38). b. April 26, 1785 in Haiti. d. Jan. 27, 1851. Although Audubon referred to himself as a "Mason" and "Brother" in his diary, no proof has been found of his membership.

Berthold Auerbach (1812-1882) German patriot and writer. Known for his pictures of life in the Black Forest. His fiction includes Spinoza (1837); Schwarzwalder Dorfgeschichten (1843); Edelweiss (1861); Auf der Hohe (1865). He translated Spinoza's works in 5 volumes in 1841. Initiated in 1838.

Pierre Francois C. Augereau (17571816?) nee Due de Castiglione. French soldier created Marshal of France by Napoleon. Distinguished himself at Lodi and Castiglione (1796) and carried through the coup d'etat of Sept. 4, 1797. He served through the Napoleonic wars throughout the empire period. Was premier grand surveillant of the Grand Lodge Symbolique of France in 1805.

Edward Augustus, Duke of York b. March 14, 1738. Brother of King George III. Was initiated in the Lodge of Friendship (later known as Royal York Lodge of Friendship) Berlin, Germany on July 27, 1765.

Frederick Augustus, Prince of Brunswick (1740-?) b. 1740 the second son of Duke Charles I. Affiliated with the Rite of Strict Observance in 1769 and declared grand master of Prussia in 1772, serving until 1799. Rendered distinguished service in the Seven Years' War and is said to have written extensively on Rosicrucianism, alchemy and magic.

William Augustus, Crown Prince of Prussia (1722-1758) Member of the Hohenzollern line and brother of Frederick the Great. Not successful as a military leader and deprived of command in 1757 by Frederick. Father of Frederick William II, who succeeded Frederick the Great as king of Prussia. Member of Three Globes Lodge, Berlin. (Lodge Drei Weltkugein) William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland b. April 26, 1721 in London. Initiated in 1743.

Dr. Isaac Auld (1769-1827) Physician and 3rd grand commander, Supreme Council (SJ) (1822-26). b. Pennsylvania. Received the 33°, January 19, 1802. Died at his home "Edingsville" on Edisto Island, south of Charleston, S.C., Oct. 17, 1827.

Henry S. Aurand Lieut. General U.S. Army. b. April 21, 1894 at Tamaqua, Pa. Graduate of West Point, 1915. Promoted through grades to lieutenant general in 1948. Major in Ord. dept. during WW1. Comdg. general 6th Service Command 1942-44; comdg. officer Normandy base section, 1944; comdg. general Service of Supplies, China Theater, 1945; 6th Service Command, 1946; Africa-Middle East Theater, 1946; director of research and development War Dept. General Staff 1946-48; director of logistics General Staff from 1948. Retired. Member of Shamokin Lodge No. 255, Shamokin, Pa.; Hawaiian Chapter No. 9, National Sojourners and president of latter in 1952.

John C. W. Austin Architect. b. Feb. 13, 1870 at Bodicote, England. An architect in Los Angeles, Calif. since 1894. Designed and supervised construction of following Los Angeles buildings: Shrine Auditorium, Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce, California State Building, St. Vincent's Hospital, Griffith Observatory, and Saint Paul's Church. Collaborated in design and construction of Los Angeles City Hall. Past president of Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce. 32° AASR (SJ) and member Al Malaikah Shrine Temple, Los Angeles.

Moses Austin (1765-1821) Secured a grant of 200,000 acres in the province of Texas (under New Spain) on Jan. 17, 1821, but died on his return trip to home in Missouri. His son Stephen F. Austin q.v. carried out the colonization by his father's dying request the following year. Although his Masonic membership has never been established, a biographer (Adel-la Breckenridge Moore) states in the Congressional Record, March 21, 1949 that "From things read in his printed letters I believe Moses Austin to have been a Mason, and it might have beenthat on some of his trips abroad he was made a Mason in London." It is noted that in his statements to the Spanish authorities in December of 1820 he answered he was 53 years old, a Catholic, and former subject of the King of Spain. This is not unusual, however, for Sam Houston q.v. the first president of the Republic, who founded the G.L. of Texas was also a Catholic. Only Catholics could hold land under the Spanish rule.

Stephen F. Austin (1793-1836) American colonizer of Texas sometimes called "The Father of Texas." b. Nov. 8, 1793 in Wythe Co., Va., son of Moses (1761-1821) Austin, settling in Missouri in 1798. He became a member of the Missouri Territorial Legislature in 1814 and served until 1820. It was in this year that his father gained a tract of land in what is now Texas. The father died before he could start his colonization efforts and Stephen took over the project, becoming a leader in the first colony of U.S. settlers in Texas. In Missouri he was initiated in Louisiana Lodge No. 109 (first lodge West of the Mississippi) at Ste. Genevieve, on June 23, 1815 at the age of 22. The lodge was then under Pennsylvania charter. In Texas he headed the first attempt to establish a lodge when in 1828 several Masons petitioned the Yorkino G.L. of Mexico for a charter. He was named to be the first master, but the petition was lost and the lodge never founded. From 1822-32 he directed the government in the colony, encouraging immigration from the U.S. and maintaining peace and order. He was imprisoned in Mexico City (183334) for urging Texas statehood and separation from Coahuila. Although he was defeated for the presidency (first) of Texas in 1836 by General Sam Houston q.v., he became first secretary of state of the Republic of Texas and was commander-in-chief of the Army of Texas. Austin, Texas is named for him, as is a Masonic lodge in that state. d. Dec. 27, 1836.

Warren R. Austin United States Representative to United Nations (1947-50). b. Nov. 12, 1877 at Highgate, Vt. Admitted to Vt. bar in 1902. Served as mayor of St. Albans in 1909 and U.S. Senator being elected in 1931, 1934 and 1940. As a special ambassador of the president, he served as U.S. advisor to the United Nations in 1946, and in 1947 was named as the United States first ambassador to the U.N. with rank of ambassador E. and P. While with the U.N. he served as our representative on the Security Council, made a goodwill mission to Cuba in 1950 and was official guest of Dominican Republic, Haiti, Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. He was chairman of Committee for Permanent Headquarters. In 1951 he was recipient of the Distinguished Achievement medal of the G.L. of New York. He was raised in Brattleboro Lodge No. 102 at Burlington, Vt. and later affiliated with Franklin Lodge No. 4, St. Albans. A Knight Templar and Shriner he received 33° AASR in September, 1944.

Gene Autry Singer, actor, producer, writer of screen, stage, radio and TV. b. Sept. 29, 1907 at Tioga, Texas. Graduated from Tioga high school in 1925. Began as a railroad telegraph operator in Sapulpa, Okla. in 1925. Autry made first phonograph record of cowboy songs in 1929; radio artist WLS, Chicago, 1930-34; motion picture director since 1934; actor since 1934. His first picture was In Old Santa Fe and since that time he has starred in 55 musical Western feature pictures. Joined Army Air Force in 1942 as technical sergeant and discharged in 1945 as flight officer. With the advent of TV after WW2 he produced and starred in many productions. He has written over 250 songs including Silver-Haired Daddy of Mine (1931); You're the Only Star in My Blue Heaven (1938); Dust (1938); Tears on My Pillow (1941); Be Honest With Me (1941); Tweedle O'Twill (1942). Raised in Catoosa Lodge No. 185, Catoosa, Okla. in 1927. Life member of Long Beach, Calif. AASR (32°) and life member of Al Malaika Shrine Temple, Los Angeles, Calif.

George W. Auxier Writer, political analyst, government official. b. Nov. 27, 1905 Paintsville, Ky. A.B. and M.A. Miami Univ., Ph.D. Ohio State Univ. Served as supt. Federal archives, Ohio; research asst. in Library of Congress; asst. editor Territorial Papers of U.S., Dept. of State; liaison officer Office of Censorship; historical officer, War Department, General Staff 1942-44; principal policy analyst, Office of Executive Sec. W.P.R., 1944-45; chief policy analysis staff, bureau of demobilization, 194546; asst. general managers office U.S. Atomic Energy Commission 1947; principal policy analyst U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, 1947. General director research and reports National Security Resources Board since 1947. Member of Takoma Park Lodge No. 29, Takoma Park, Md. Author of many books and articles, historical and current.

Henry G. Avers (1886-1947) Mathematician. Chief mathematician of Geodetic Survey since 1924. Member of National Geographic Society Committee of experts which determined that Commdr. Byrd q.v. reached the North Pole by airplane in 1926 and the South Pole in 1929. Mason 32° AASR, Shriner. d. Jan. 19, 1947.

Christopher L. Avery Justice, Supreme Court of Connecticut, 1929-42 (retired). b. Sept. 4, 1872. Graduate of Yale, A.B. 1893, LL.B. 1897. Admitted to N.Y. bar in 1897 and moved to Connecticut in 1903. Judge, Superior Court of Conn. 1920-29. Served as quartermaster, U.S. Navy in Spanish American War. Member of House of Representatives, 1913. Mason.

Ray L. Avery Brigadier General, U.S. Army. b. July 15, 1884, Manchester, N.H. Graduate West Point, 1908. Advanced through grades to brigadier general in 1940. Commanding general, Edgewood Arsenal, Md. 1940-46. Retired, 1946. Mason.

William H. Avery Congressman from Kansas, 84th Congress. b. Aug. 11, 1911, Wakefield, Kansas. Farmer, stockman, 1935-55; member Kansas state legislature, 1951-55. Received degrees in Wakefield Lodge No. 396, Wakefield, Kansas in 1954-55-56.

S. B. Axtell Former governor of New Mexico and Utah. Member of Amador Lodge No. 65, Jackson, Calif.

John Thomas Axton ( 1870 - ? ) Chief of chaplains, U.S.A. b. July 28, 1870, Salt Lake City, Utah. General secretary to YMCA 1893-1902. Chaplain U.S. Army, 1902 and in 1920 appointed colonel and chief of chaplains; retired in 1928. Served in P.I. twice, Mexican border 5 years and duty at Port of Embarkation, Hoboken, N.J., WW1. He officiated at the interment of America's unknown soldier at Arlington National Cemetery Nov. 11, 1921. Mason. deceased.

Charles B. Aycock (1859-1912) Governor of North Carolina, 1901-05. b. Nov. 1, 1859 at Fremont, N.C. Degrees from Univ. of North Carolina and Univ. of Maine. Practiced law at Goldsboro, N.C. Served as county superintendent of schools, U.S. district attorney. His bust is in Statuary Hall, U.S. Capitol, Washington, D.C. He served as grand orator of the Grand Lodge of North Carolina in 1897. d. April 4, 1912.

Atlee B. Ayers Architect. b. July 12, 1874, Hillsboro, Ohio. Architect in San Antonio since 1899. Architect of Smith-Young Plaza Hotel, Federal Reserve Bank Building and Municipal Auditorium, all of San Antonio, Texas. Collaborated in Blind Institute, Austin, and Administration Building, Randolph Field, Texas. Mason, 32° AASR (SJ).

George F. Ayers (1865-1913) President of Lindenwood Female College, St. Charles, Mo., 1902-13. b. May 17, 1865 at Hannibal, Mo. Active Presbyterian, author and Mason. d. Oct. 23, 1913.

William A. Ayers Congressman from Kansas 64th to 66th Congresses (1915-21) and 68th to 73rd Congresses (1923-35), resigning upon appointment as Federal Trade Commissioner in 1934, reappointed in 1940 and again in 1947. Mason 33° AASR, Shriner. d. Feb. 17, 1952.

Sir George Aylwen Lord Mayor of London (circa 1949-51) Junior grand warden of the G.L. of Mark Masters of England and Wales, installed Sept. 6, 1949.

William Edmonstoune Aytoun (1812-65) Scottish poet and parodist. Educated at Univ. of Edinburgh and at Aschaffenburg, Germany. He began contributions to Blackwood's in 1836; professor of rhetoric and belles letters, Univ. of Edinburgh, 1845. Author of Poland, Homer, and Other Poems (1832); Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers (1848); Firmilian a Spasmodic Tragedy (1854) and Poems and Ballads of Goethe (1858). Annotated collection of Ballads of Scotland, (1858). Active member the Scottish grand lodge and representative there of the Grand Lodge Royal York of Germany.

Miguel de Azcuenaga (1754-1833) Argentine patriot. Helped defend the city of Buenos Aires against the first British attack. Was active in the May 1810 revolution and was part of the first "junta" or governing council. Later appointed chief of the general staff.

Irving B. Babcock President of General Motors Truck Corp. since 1935. b. June 25, 1891 at Milwaukee, Wis. LL.B. DePaul Univ. in 1916. Also president and director of Yellow Truck & Coach Mfg. Co., vice president of General Motors Corp. since 1943 and director of several large corporations. 32° AASR.

Catherine Sweet Babington (18151886) A woman, who was said to have received the first three degrees of Freemasonry. Although the statement has been seriously questioned, there are several strong arguments in its favor. Her death notice which appeared in the Shelby Aurora, Shelby, N.C. which was edited by a Freemason stated: "At her death she was the only female Mason in the United States, and was well versed in the mysterious workings of the Blue Lodge. Having overheard the secrets of Masonry when she was a girl of 16 years, it was thought best to initiate her as a member and thus prevent any disclosure." Sometime after her death, her son, J. P. Babington, a member of Cleveland Lodge 202, Shelby, N.C., (later Lee Lodge No. 253 at Taylorsville, N.C.) wrote a biography of his mother entitled Biography of Mrs. Catherine Baling-ton, the Only Woman Mason in the World, and How She Became a Blue Lodge Mason. It is said she hid herself in a pulpit of a lodge room in Princess Furnace, Kentucky and watched each meeting for a year and a half before being discovered by an uncle. After much discussion, the lodge obligated her but did not admit her to membership. It was claimed that she kept herself posted on Freemasonry until a short time before her death but never attempted to visit a lodge. It has been pointed out that there was never a regular lodge situated at or near Princess Furness (now Princess), Ky.

John Christian Bach (1735-1782) Musician, composer. One of the four sons of composer John Sebastian Bach—all of whom were musicians of importance. Known as "the Milan or London Bach," he was cathedral organist at Milan in 1760 and music master to Queen Charlotte Sophia, London in 1762. He was co-founder of Bach-Abel concerts in 1765 and composed operas, arias, cantatas, chamber music, symphonies and overtures. He was an early member of the Lodge of the Nine Muses No. 235 in London.

Nahum J. Bachelder (1854-1934) Governor of New Hampshire, 1903-05. b. Sept. 3, 1854 at Andover, N.H. He was a farmer. Mason. d. April 22, 1934.

Irving A. Bacheller (1859-1950) American novelist. b. Sept. 26, 1859 at Pierpont, N.Y. He was actively connected with the New York press for years and was an editor of the New York World from 1898-1900. When presented with the medal for distinguished achievement in the field of art by the Grand Lodge of New York in 1937 he said: "My brothers, it seems very long ago—exactly, I think it was in 1898 (raised Dec. 5, 1899)—when I was a member of the editorial staff of the New York World —that my friend Jules Chambers proposed me for membership in Kane Lodge (No. 454) with a membership of distinguished and illustrious names. That relationship has been one of the dearest of my life, one which I have been denied the pleasure of enjoying very much, for some 20 years ago I became a citizen of Florida. . . ." Commenting on his award in 1943 he said, "I never felt so highly honored as when I got a medal from the grand lodge some years ago. I'm in my 84th year. It was my ambition to set up a woodworking shop at the Masonic Home for children." Bacheller wrote more than 30 novels during his life including The Master of Silence (1890); Eben Holden (1900); D'ri and I (1901); Silas Strong (1906) ; Keeping Up With Lizzie (1911); A Man for the Ages (1919); A Candle in the Wilderness (1930); The Oxen of the Sun (1945) and A Boy for the Ages (1937).

Clifford J. Backstrand Vice president and director of Armstrong Cork Products Co. since 1935. b. July 21, 1897 at Los Angeles, Calif. Graduate of Pomona College (Calif.) and University of Pennsylvania, beginning as a student salesman with the Armstrong Co. in 1921. Director of Hamilton Watch Co. Served in WW1 and was head of the linoleum unit, floor covering and upholstery section of War Production Board in 1942. Mason.

Rudolph J. L. Backstrom Heraldist. b. June 16, 1894 at Philadelphia, Pa. Established portrait business, Union of S. Africa, 1926-28. Chief heraldic designer and consultant Office of Quartermaster General, U.S. War Dept. 1942-43. Engaged in heraldic business since 1928 and director International Heraldic Institute, Ltd. Active in Shrine crippled children's hospitals. 32° AASR.

Augustus 0. Bacon (1839-1914) U. S. Senator from Georgia three terms, 1894, 1900, 1907. b. Oct. 20,1839 at Bryan Co., Ga. Graduate of Univ. of Georgia in 1860 and practiced law at Macon. Mason. d. Feb. 14, 1914.

Francis Bacon (1561-1626) English philosopher and author. Raised to peerage as 1st Baron of Verulam after serving as solicitor general (1609) attorney general (1613) and Lord chancellor (1618). Famous for his Essays; History of Henry VII; Advancement of Learning and other important works. Thought by some to be a Rosecrucian whose New Atlantis was an early influence on the development of the craft.

Frank Bacon (1864-1922) Actor and writer. b. Jan. 16, 1864 at Marysville, Calif. Wrote Lightnin' in collaboration with Winchell Smith, which had long Broadway run. Appeared in stage hits such as Alabama; Pudd'n Head Wilson; Me and Grant; Cinderella Man; Fortune Hunter and many others. Mason. d. Nov. 19, 1922.

Robert L. Bacon (1884-1938) Congressman from N.Y., 68th to 75th Congresses. b. July 23, 1884 at Boston, Mass. Served with field artillery in WW1. Mason. d. Sept. 12, 1938.

Walter W. Bacon Governor of Delaware 1941-49. b. Jan. 20, 1880 at Newcastle, Del. Served as treasurer of Buick Motor Co., Flint, Mich., 1918-30 when he retired from business. Served as mayor of Wilmington, Del. 1935-41, resigning to accept office of governor. Member of St. John's Lodge No. 2, New Castle, Del., being raised July 2, 1902. In 1915 he was grand master of the Grand Lodge of Delaware. Member of St. John's Chapter, No. 4, R.A.M. of Wilmington and past high priest. Member of St. John's Commandery, No. 1, K.T., Wilmington and past commander. Member of Delaware Consistory, AASR (NJ) and 33°. Also member of Shrine, Tall Cedars, National Sojourners.

Robert Baddeley Comedian of Drury Lane Theatre (London). A member of St. Alban's Lodge No. 29, London.

Jesse M. Bader General secretary, World Convention of Churches of Christ (president in 1930). b. April 15, 1886. A pastor in Christian Church since 1905. Member of Washington Lodge No. 5, Atchison, Kansas.

Harry A. Badt Commodore U.S. Navy. b. Sept. 22, 1884 at Tyler, Texas. Graduated U.S. Naval Academy, 1908 and advanced through grades to commodore in 1944. Commanding officer U.S.S. Simpson 1923-24; commanding officer Aleutian Islands survey expedition in 1933; director of recruiting for U.S. Navy 1935-37; commanding officer U.S.S. Tuscaloosa 1938-40; director of enlisted personnel U.S. Navy 1940-42. Retired in 1947. Mason.

Milton B. Badt Justice, Supreme Court of Nevada since 1947. b. July 8, 1884 at San Francisco, Calif. Admitted to California bar in 1909. Raised in Elko Lodge No. 15, Elko, Nev. on Feb. 12, 1918, serving as its master in 1924. Member of Valley of Reno AASR (SJ), Elko Chapter No. 17 O.E.S. and Kerak Shrine Temple, Reno, Nev.

William A. Baehr (1873-1943) Utilities corporations president. b. Sept. 15, 1873 at Oshkosh, Wis. Graduated University of Wisconsin in 1894. President of the following: North Continent Utilities Corp., Great Falls Gas Co., Great Northern Utilities Co., Elk River Power & Light Co., Denver Ice & Cold Storage Co., Western Railways Ice Co., North Shore Coke & Chemical Co., North Shore Gas Co., the S. W. Shattuck Chemical Co., and North Continent Mines, Inc. He was director of many other corporations. Mason. d. Feb. 18, 1943.

Arthur P. Bagby (1794-1858) Governor of Alabama, U.S. Senator, MM-ister to Russia. b. 1794 in Virginia. Settled in Alabama in 1818 and gained a reputation as a lawyer. Member of state legislature and speaker of the house in 1820-22. Governor of Alabama from 1837-41. Member of the U.S. Senate from 1841-48 and in 1848-49 was minister to Russia. Served as grand orator of the Grand Lodge of Alabama. d. Sept. 21, 1858.

Charles L. Bagley Vice president American Federation of Musicians since 1931. b. April 24, 1873 at Tipton, Iowa. Was formerly a professional musician. Graduated University of Southern California in 1910 and admitted to California bar in 1909 and has practiced in California since 1911. He was raised in Hollenbeck Lodge No. 319, Los Angeles on Aug. 31, 1897 and demitted about 1911 to Silver Trowel Lodge No. 415 of Los Angeles, serving as master in 1918. Member of Signet Chapter No. 57, R.AM., Los Angeles Council, No. 11, R. & S.M. and Los Angeles Commandery No. 9, K.T. all of Los Angeles. 32° AASR in Valley of Los Angeles. Served as patron of Daylight Chapter No. 265, O.E.S. in 1915, 1925, 1929 and member of Al Malaikah Shrine Temple.

John J. Bagley (1832-1881) Governor of Michigan. b. July 24, 1832 at Medina, N.Y. Emigrated in early life to Michigan and at age of 15 was employed in a tobacco factory in Detroit. He later began a tobacco business of his own and operated it with financial success until his death. He was elected governor in 1872 and again in 1874. His administration was marked by benefits to educational and charitable institutions. Member of Charity Lodge No. 94, Detroit, Mich. d. July 27, 1881.

William E. Bahl Vice president of The National Cash Register Co. since 1947 (in charge of manufacturing). b. Feb. 8, 1889 at Zimmerman, Ohio, he started with the above company as an apprentice in 1906. Past master of his lodge.

Karl Friederich Bahrdt (1741-1792) German doctor of theology. A Freemason, who with other Freemasons founded the "German Union" or the "Two and Twenty" society at Halle. It was not Masonic but its object was the enlightenment of mankind. It was dissolved in 1790 by the imprisonment of Bahrdt for libel of Prussian Minister Woeliner. Bahrdt was described by one of his biographers as being "notorious alike for his bold infidelity and for his evil life.”

Philip Milo Bail President Municipal University, Omaha, Nebr. since 1948. b. June 26, 1898. Attended Missouri Valley College and University of Iowa, receiving Ph.D. in 1931. Member of George W. Lininger Lodge No. 268, Omaha, Nebr.; 32° AASR (SJ) at Omaha and Tangier Shrine Temple, Omaha.

Carl E. Bailey (1894-1948) Governor of Arkansas 1937-41. b. Oct. 8, 1894 at Bernie, Mo. Worked as a laborer, farmer, school teacher, accountant and began law practice in 1924. Served as attorney general of Arkansas 1935-37. Mason. d. Oct. 23, 1948. Received 32° at Little Rock, May 25, 1928.

Cassius M. Bailey (1876-1935) President of Lydia Cotton Mills, Clinton, S.C. b. Nov. 22, 1876 at Clinton, S.C. Mason. d. July 5, 1935.

Francis L. Bailey President of Gorham State Teachers College, Gorham, Maine since 1940. b. Nov. 18, 1894 at Wyman, Mich. Graduate of Univ. of Michigan and Columbia Univ. 32° AASR and Shriner.

Frank M. Bailey Justice, Supreme Court of Oklahoma, 1919-21. b. Sept. 27, 1876 at Winona, Miss. Began law practice at Chickasha, Okla. in 1901. Retired to private law practice in 1921. Trustee of Southern Methodist Univ. Active representative of M.E. church in jurisdictional and general conferences. Received certificate from Oklahoma Memorial Assn. in 1933 "for distinguished services to the State of Oklahoma." 32° AASR (SJ).

George W. Bailey (1856-1909) Justice of Supreme court of Colorado, 1905-09. b. March 8, 1856 at St. Louis, Mo. Admitted to bar 1885. d. 1909.

Guy W. Bailey (1876-1940) President of University of Vermont from 1920. b. May 7, 1876 at Hardwick, Vt. Admitted to bar in 1904 but never practiced. Secretary of state of Vermont, 1908-17. Mason. d. Oct. 22, 1940.

James E. Bailey (1822-?) U.S. Senator from Tennessee. b. Montgomery Co., Tenn., Aug. 15, 1822. Educated at Clarksville (Tenn.) Academy and Univ. of Nashville. Was admitted to bar and began practice at Clarksville in 1843. Elected to Tennessee lower house in 1853. Served in the Confederate army and was elected U.S. Senator from Tennessee in place of Andrew Johnson in 1876. Member of Clarksville Lodge No. 89, Clarksville, Tenn.

John 0. Bailey Judge, Supreme Court of Oregon from 1933. b. Sept. 26, 1880 at Grinnell, Iowa. Graduate Harvard School, 1906. Assistant atty. general of Oregon, 1915-20. Member house of representatives, 1925-29 and state senate 1929-33. Raised in Doric Lodge No. 132, Portland, Oregon about 1920. Member of Mt. Hood Chapter No. 50, R.A.M., Portland and Oregon Commandery No. 1.

Joseph E. Bailey Union General in Civil War. Member of Columbia Lodge No. 124, Wisconsin Dells, Wis.

Leonard H. Bailey Architect. b. London, Eng., Aug. 12, 1880, coming to U.S. in 1903 and naturalized in 1917. President of Allied Architects who designed the city hall, Civic Center, Rogers Courts, Masonic Temple, Wesley M.E. Church and Liberty Theatre—all of Oklahoma City and many military buildings. Raised in Oklahoma City Lodge No. 36 in 1904. He was the last master of Oklahoma 3, which was changed to No. 36 when Indian Territory became the state of Oklahoma and was charter master of No. 36. Served as district deputy grand master in 1907-09. Member of Cyrus Chapter No. 7, R.A.M. and Bethlehem Commandery, K.T., of Oklahoma City. A Shriner and past patron of Eastern Star chapter No. 10.

Theodorus Bailey (1805-1877) Rear Admiral, U.S. Navy. b. April 12, 1805 in Chateaugay, N.Y. Appointed midshipman in 1818 and remained with American Navy until retired in 1866 as a rear admiral. In early years served on the Cyane, Franklin, Vincennes, Constellation, and Lexington. Took part in the Mexican War. At start of Civil war he commanded the frigate Colorado off Pensacola. Second in command of Farragut's squadron at New Orleans, he led the attack in the gunboat Cayuga. He ran the fire of five forts and was sent by Farragut to demand the surrender of New Orleans, at which time he coined the phrase "Iron Hearts and Wooden Ships." He later commanded the eastern Gulf blockading squadron. After war he was commander of the Portsmouth navy yard. He was raised in Washington Lodge No. 21, New York City on March 3, 1829. d. Feb. 10, 1877.

Thomas L. Bailey (1888-1946) Governor of Mississippi, term of 1944-48. b. Jan. 6, 1888 at Maben, Miss. Admitted to bar in 1913. Member of Mississippi legislature from 1916-40 and speaker from 1924-36. Mason and Shriner. d. Nov. 2, 1946.

Walter C. Bain Aircraft executive. Vice president, general manager and director of the Republic Aviation Corporation, Farmingdale, L.I., N.Y.b. June 20, 1910 at Springfield, Ill. Started as a metallurgist with Allis Chalmers Mfg. Co. in 1936. Entered service USAAF as a cadet in 1932 and rose in rank to major general. Released from service in 1953. A Mason.

George W. Baird (1843-1930) Rear Admiral, U.S. Navy. b. April 22, 1843 at Washington, D.C. Appointed 3rd assistant engineer, U.S. Navy, Sept 19, 1862 and promoted through grades retiring with rank of rear admiral, April 22, 1905. He superintended the construction and designed the special machinery of the Albatross, famous deep sea exploring vessel. He was initiated in the French lodge Tolerancia (Tolerence) at Lisbon, Portugal on July 23, 1867 and received his FC and MM degrees one week later. In 1879 he affiliated with Naval Lodge No. 87 at Vallejo, Calif., withdrawing in 1872 to Hope Lodge No. 20, Washington, D.C. where he served as master and in 1896 was grand master of the G.L. of the District of Columbia. Baird wrote a widely published series of articles entitled Great Men Who Were Masons. He received his 32° AASR (SJ) at Washington on Aug. 21, 1897, KCCH on Oct. 19, 1899 and 33° on Oct. 25, 1901. d. Oct. 4, 1930 at Washington.

Sir Robert Baird Former owner and publisher of the Belfast Telegraph (Ireland) and grand treasurer of the G.L. of Ireland. Also was a member of several London lodges. In 1929 a portrait bust of Baird was presented to the Belfast Museum and Art Gallery.

Albert Z. Baker President of Rotary International (1955), president of the American Stockyards Assn. and chairman of board of Cleveland Union Stockyards Co. A member of Lakewood Lodge No. 601, Cleveland Chapter No. 148 R.A.M., Forest City Council No. 111, Forest City Commandery No. 40, K.T. and AI Koran Temple, all of Cleveland. In the AASR (N.J.) he received his 33° in 1945.

Bryant Baker Sculptor. b. July 8, 1881 in London, England. Graduated from Royal Academy of Arts, London in 1910. His portrait bust of Edward VII was Queen Alexandra's favorite. He did busts of many English notables and of Prince Olav of Norway before coming to America in 1916. Here he has made busts from life of President Coolidge, Col. John Coolidge, Senators H. C. Lodge, W. A. Clark, J. H. Bankhead, generals Pershing, March and Gorgas, Chief Justices White, Taft and Hughes; John Hays Hammond, Herbert Hoover, Newton Baker, Josephus Daniels, Percival Lowell, George Harvey, Cordell Hull and heroic bronze statue of Chief Justice Edward D. White, New Orleans. He has done heroic bronze statues of Grover Cleveland, Millard Fillmore and Young Lincoln at Buffalo, N.Y. For Delaware's Statuary Hall he executed marble statues of patriots Caesar Rodney and John M. Clayton. His Gov. Reuben Fenton statue is at Jamestown, N.Y. and the Bishop Freeman memorial is in the National Cathedral in Washington. His heroic 17-ft. bronze of George Washington at the Washington Masonic National Memorial in Alexandria was unveiled by President Truman, Feb. 22, 1950. His ideal works in permanent collections include Eros at Manchester City Art Gallery, Memory at Hull City Art Gallery in England and Pioneer Woman statue in Ponca City, Oklahoma, the latter winning him the Marland competition in a field of 12 top sculptors. Baker is a member of Constitutional Lodge No. 294 at Beverly, Yorkshire, England. He has been instrumental in keeping very much alive the communications between his home lodge in Beverly, England and Beverly Lodge in Massachusetts, as well asthe Alexandria-Washington Lodge in Virginia. Died March 29, 1957. Masonic Services.

Earl D. Baker Newspaperman and publisher. b. Apr. 14, 1898, Spencer Co., Ind. Associated with Scripps-Howard Newspapers since 1918 in Evansville, Ind., Terre Haute, Ind., Washington, D.C. and San Francisco. President of the Washington Daily News from 1938-1947 and assistant general business manager of Scripps-Howard papers since 1937. Business manager of The San Francisco News since 1947. Raised in Humboldt Lodge No. 42, Terre Haute, Ind. about 1927. 32° AASR at Evansville, Ind. Member Almas Shrine Temple, Wash., D.C.

Howard H. Baker Congressman from Tennessee to 82nd Congress (1951-53). b. Jan. 12, 1902 at Somerset, Ky. Admitted to bar in 1924. Member of Tennessee legislature, 1929-30. Nominee for governor of Tenn. in 1938 and U.S. Senator in 1940. Mason, 32° AASR and Shriner.

James C. Baker Bishop, Methodist Church. b. June 2, 1879 at Sheldon, Ill. Received degrees from Illinois Wesleyan, Boston University and attended Cornell, College of the Pacific and Univ. of Southern Calif. Entered M.E. ministry in 1900 and was organizer and head of the Wesley Foundation Univ. of Ill. (the first Wesley Foundation in the country). Elected bishop of Methodist Episcopal Church in 1928 and assigned to supervision work in Japan, Korea and Manchuria. Later assigned to California area, and a delegate to General Conference in 1916, '20, '28 and Oxford Conference in 1947. President of Council of Methodist Bishops, 1948-49. Member of Acacia Fraternity at Univ. of Illinois. Raised in McLean Lodge No. 469, McLean, Ill. in 1906. 32° AASR at Bloomington, 111.

James M. Baker (1861-1940) Diplomat and government official. b. Aug. 18, 1861 at Lowndesville, S.C. Assistant librarian U.S. Senate, 1893-1913. Elected secretary of U.S. Senate in 1913. Deputy commissioner Internal Revenue Bureau, U.S. Treasury 191921. Private law practice 1921-31. American minister to Siam by appointment of Franklin Roosevelt in 1933, resigning in 1937 due to ill health. Mason. d. Nov. 21, 1940.

John F. "Home Run" Baker Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame. b. March 13, 1886 at Trappe, Maryland. Elected to the Cooperstown Hall of Fame in 1955. Member Coats Lodge No. 102 at Easton, Md.

Leonard T. Baker ( 1868 -1 955 ) President of University of South Carolina, 1944, and president emeritus from 1946. b. Jan. 22, 1868, serving the University of South Carolina as professor, administrator, acting president, vice president and dean. Mason. d. Jan. 5, 1955.

Milton G. Baker President of Valley Forge Military Academy since 1928. Commanding general of Pennsylvania National Guard, 1943-46; major general U.S. director civilian defense, Philadelphia 1941-42. b. Aug. 24, 1896 at Philadelphia. Served in WW1 1917-21 and Pennsylvania National Guard 1921-46. Mason and 32° AASR.

Nathaniel B. Baker (1818-1876) Governor of New Hampshire. b. Sept. 29, 1818 in Henniker, N.H. Graduate of Harvard in 1839 and admitted to bar in 1842. Joint owner and editor of the New Hampshire Patriot for three years. Served two terms in state legislature starting in 1851 and was speaker of the house. Presidential elector in 1852, and in 1854 was elected governor of New Hampshire, serving until 1855. In 1856 he moved to Clinton, Iowa where he practiced law. Served in the Iowa legislature in 1859-61 when he was appointedadjutant general of Iowa, a position he held until his death on Sept. 11, 1876. A member of Western Star Lodge No. 100, Clinton, Iowa.

Phil Baker Comedian of radio and stage since the early 1930's. Raised in Keystone Lodge No. 235, New York City. Baker once said "I belong to various organizations, but I have always felt that my membership in Masonry has been nearest my heart. One of the grandest compliments ever paid me was my acceptance into the fraternity.”

Samuel A. Baker (1874-1933) Governor of Missouri 1925-28. b. Patterson, Mo., Nov. 7, 1874. LL.D. Missouri Valley College. Teacher, principal and superintendent of schools in various Missouri cities from 1895 to 1919. State superintendent of schools of Missouri from 1919 to 1923. d. Sept. 16, 1933. Member of Jefferson Lodge No. 43, Jefferson City Chapter No. 34 and Prince of Peace Commandery No. 29, all of Jefferson City, Mo. He was grand orator of the Grand Lodge of Missouri in 1926 and delivered an oration on the support of the public school system and religious institutions.

Simon S. Baker (1866-1932) President of Washington and Jefferson College, 1921-22. b. July 11, 1866 in Washington Co., Pa. Graduated Washington and Jefferson B.S. and M.S., LL.D. University of Pittsburgh 1923. Served in public school system of Pittsburgh for 25 years. Mason. d. Oct. 11, 1932.

Walter C. Baker Major General U.S. Army. b. Sept. 22, 1877 at Chester, Pa. Graduate of Coast Artillery School, Army War College, Command and General Staff School, Army Industrial College and Chemical Warfare School. Served as enlisted man in Spanish American War with 6th Penn. Vol. Infantry, advancing

48 Alexander Dmitrievich Balashov through grades in U.S. Army to major general in 1937. Served as an officer in WW1 and recalled to active duty in WW2 serving from 1941-44. Mason.

Walter R. G. Baker Vice president of General Electric Co. b. Nov. 30, 1892 at Lockport, N.Y. Began as electrical engineer with General Electric in 1916; managing engineer of radio dept. 1928-30; vice president in charge of engineering and manufacturing R.C.A. Mfg. Co. 1930-36; head of radio engineering manufacturing and sales General Electric 1936-39; manager radio and television department, 1939-41. Since 1941 he has been director of many banks and corporations including General Electric (International); G. E. Supply Corp. and G. E. Credit Corp. Mason.

William C. Baker Vice president of Baltimore and Ohio Railroad since 1948 in charge of maintenance and operation. b. Feb. 18, at Baltimore, Md. Began with the B. & 0. in 1906 as a clerk, advancing through assistant train master, train master, assistant superintendent, superintendent, general superintendent and general manager. Mason.

William E. Baker (1873-?) Judge, U.S. District Court, Northern District of West Virginia since 1921. b. Feb. 25, 1873 at Beverly, W. Va. A.B. and LL.B. at Western Virginia University, 1896. Knight Templar, 32° AASR and Shriner. Deceased.

William E. Baker Vice president of Servel, Inc. b. Dec. 11, 1887 at Rushton, Ill. Graduate of Rose Poly. Institute. Started as an apprentice of Westinghouse Electric in 1911, serving as production engineer of several companies from 1912-16. Superintendent of Delco Products Corp., 1916-24; vice president The Day Fan Electric Co. 1924-29. Mason, Shriner.

H. Sheridan Baketel (1872-1955) Physician, co-founder and editor of Medical Economics. b. Nov. 15, 1872. M.D. Boston College and post graduate work at Harvard Medical. Practiced in New York since 1910. Writer and editor for many medical publications. Urology was his specialty. He was vice president and chairman of the board of Columbia University College of Pharmacy from 1938-1942. Wrote several medical books. Mason, 32° AASR and Shriner. d. July 7, 1955.

Norris C. Bakke Chief justice, Supreme Court of Colorado, 1945 and general counsel F.D.I.C. since March, 1947. b. April 19, 1894. Degrees from University of Chicago and graduate work at Harvard. Admitted to Colorado bar, 1920. Attorney general of Colorado, 1933-36; associate justice, Supreme Court of Colorado 1936-45 and chief justice in 1945. Named associate general counsel F.D.I.C. Washington, March, 1947. Active in Salvation Army and many church and religious organizations. Raised in Sterling Lodge No. 54 in October, 1920. Member of Denver Consistory No. 2 AASR (SJ) and El Jebel Shrine Temple, Denver.

Alexander Dmitrievich Balashov (1770-1837) Governor general of several Russian provinces and Minister of Police from 1810-1816 under Alexander I. He was an aide-de-camp to Emperor Alexander I q.v. It is thought that he was directed by the government to join Freemasonry so that it could be brought under control of the ruling circle. He was appointed Minister of Police on March 28, 1810 and in August of that year wrote the masters of all lodges that the government was going to examine their records and rules of the society inasmuch as some of the members had through their imprudence given cause for ignorant and malicious forms of misjudgments. He then called in the four masters of the Petersburg lodges and asked them if they wanted official government protection—or toleration. Rather than become a governmental agency they chose toleration. It was not until 12 years later that Freemasonry was forever banned by Alexander I.

Antonio Gonzalez Balcarce (17771819) Argentine patriot and general. Participated in the 1807 defense of Montevideo, Uruguay against the British. Taken prisoner, he was sent to Europe. In 1810 he returned to his native Argentina to take command of inland troops. He became Supreme Administrator in 1816. Balcarce was a member of Lautaro Lodge.

Alexander, 6th Earl of Balcarres (1752-1825) Member of the Scottish family of Lindsay whose titles date from 1365 with Sir David, 1st Earl of Crawford. Was 33rd Grand Master Mason of Scotland from 1780-1781. He was forced to surrender at Ticonderoga in 1777, became governor of Jamaica 1794-1801; a general in 1803; representative Scottish peer from 1784-1825. In 1848 the House of Lords adjudged the earldom of Crawford (dormant since 1808) to his son James, 7th Earl of Balcarres.

Bernt Balchen Explorer, air pioneer, army officer, OSS operator, and one of the most colorful characters of the 20th century. b. Oct. 23, 1899 at Tveit, Topdal, Norway. Educated Norway air force and artillery line; War Academy at Oslo and Horton 1918-21. Came to U.S. in 1926 and naturalized in 1931. Pilot engineer with Roald Amundsen q.v. 1925-26. Piloted The America for Admiral Byrd q.v. across the Atlantic in 1927. Pilot of the Bremen relief expedition to Greenly Island, Labrador, 1928. Chief pilot Admiral Byrd's Antarctic Expedition (piloted first fight over south pole, Nov. 29, 1929) 1928-30;pilot Viking Rescue Expedition to Newfoundland, 1931; chief pilot, Ellsworth Antarctic Expedition, 1933-35; chief inspector of Norwegian Airlines 1935-40 and managing director, 194648. Served with R.A.F. Ferry Command as pilot-navigator 1940-41; Transferred to U.S. Air Force, 1941, building base at Bluie West 8 on Greenland and commanding officer of this station until 1943. Chief of A.T.C. for Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and U.S.S.R. in Stockholm, 1943-45 and during this time supported Norwegian underground resistance against German occupation forces, 1944-45. Balchen was in charge of evacuating 70,000 Russians from slave labor camps in northern Norway. Entered U.S. Air Force in 1941 and advanced to captain in 1941, then to colonel in 1942, working with the Air Force and OSS in Greenland and Scandinavia from 1943-45. Stationed in Alaska since 1948. As a U.S. colonel on the OSS he made 166 flights to Norway (Operation Carpetbagger) where his B-24 dropped allied agents and 700 tons of sabotage material. Project "Sonnie" required 270 trips between his base at Prestwyck, Scotland and the neutral airfields of Sweden. In these trips he evacuated 1,000 Americans who had crossed the border and 5,000 others, including Trygve Lie q.v. He is a member of Norseman Lodge No. 878 of Brooklyn, N.Y. With Admiral Byrd they dropped Masonic flags over the two poles, and Balchen dropped his Kismet Temple Shrine fez over the South Pole. He is a member of the AASR (N.J.) of New York. He helped in the staggering achievement of establishing the new air base at Thule, Greenland, 900 miles from the North Pole and was one of the organizers of the "Top of the World" Masonic Square Club at that base which 500 airmen and construction workers joined. In reference to this he stated "Men needed the fellowship and warmth of Masonry at 20° below zero." In 1954 he was awarded the G.L. of New York's distinguished achievement medal.

Loomis Baldrey (1882-1954) Lawyer and grand master of Washington and Alaska, 1934-35. b. May 19, 1882 at Camden, N.J. Educated in Minnesota and New York schools, attending law school at Syracuse University. Settled in Bellingham, Wash. after his marriage in 1906 and became master of Whatcom Lodge No. 151 in 1920. He served as the Masonic reviewer for Washington for many years. Was past president of Washington State Prosecuting Attorney Assn. and past district governor of Kiwanis International. d. Aug. 8, 1954.

H. Clarence Baldridge (1868-1947) Governor of Idaho two terms (192731). b. Nov. 24, 1868 at Carlock, Ill. Student at Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, Ill. 1890-93 and settled at Parma, Idaho in 1904 where he engaged in mercantile business and farming. He was a member of the Idaho house of representatives 1911-13 and the state senate 1913-15. He served as lieut. governor of Idaho 1923-27 and retired from mercantile business in 1942. Baldridge was raised in Parma Lodge No. 49, Parma, Idaho in 1923 and received 32° at Boise Nov. 21, 1929. d. June 7, 1947.

Kenneth F. Baldridge President of Central Newspaper Co., consisting of seven southern Iowa newspapers since 1930. Publisher of Bloomfield Democrat since 1909. b. May 25, 1886 at Bloomfield, Iowa. Started as a reporter in Bloomfield in 1903. President of National Editorial Assn. in 1934; president Iowa Press Assn. 1925. Mason, Knight Templar and Shriner.

Abraham Baldwin ( 1754 - 1807 ) Chaplain in Revolution, member of Congress of the Confederation and Constitution, signer of 1787. b. North Guilford, Conn., he moved to Georgia(1783-84) where he was a founder of the University of Georgia, originally Franklin College. He served in the Congress from Georgia 1790-99 and was U.S. Senator 1799-1807. It is not known where his original membership was, but he affiliated with American Union Lodge during the Revolution. Not a Mason. The "visiting Baldwin" was Col. Jeduthan Baldwin (1732-1788) of Mass. whose diary contains Masonic references.

Evelyn B. Baldwin (1862-1933) Arctic explorer. b. July 22, 1862 at Springfield, Mo. Graduated Northwestern College, Naperville, Ill. in 1885. Accompanied Robert E. Peary q.v. on North Greenland expedition 1893-94 as meteorologist and was meteorologist and 2nd in command of Walter Wellman's polar expedition to Franz-Josef Land 1898-99. Built and named Fort McKinley, discovered and explored Graham Bell Land, 1889. Organized and commanded Baldwin-Ziegler polar expedition 1901-02. He was a member of Adams Lodge No. 63, Oswego, Kansas and Lake Ontario Commandery, K.T. No. 32 at Oswego, N.Y. Member of New York AASR. Baldwin reportedly carried Masonic flags with him on his expeditions. d. Oct. 25, 1933.

Henry Baldwin (1780-1844) Associate justice U.S. Supreme Court 1830-44. b. New Haven, Conn. Congressman from Pennsylvania 1817-22.

Howard C. Baldwin Corporation director. b. March 15, 1891 at Deerfield, Mich. Admitted to Michigan bar in 1912. Vice president and trustee The Kresge Foundation since 1937. Director S. S. Kresge Co. since 1931. Director of several corporations. Raised in Corinthian Lodge No. 241, Detroit, in 1916 and served as master. Member of King Cyrus Chapter No. 133, R.A.M. and Detroit Commandery No. 1, K.T. being past commander. 33° AASR (N.J.) in Valley of Detroit and past master of Lodge of Perfection. Shriner and member of Red Cross of Constantine.

F. W. Baldwin Brigadier General, U. S. Army. Mason and member of National Sojourners.

Joseph C. Baldwin Congressman from New York 77th to 79th Congresses (1941-47). b. Jan. 11, 1897, New York City. A reporter and associate editor on several New York papers. President and director of United Dyewood Corp. Member New York City board of alderman 1928-34 and minority leader 1929-34. Member of New York state senate 1934-36 and Constitutional Convention of 1937. On New York City Council, 1941-47. Mason.

Raymond E. Baldwin Governor of Connecticut 1939-41 and 1943-46. b. Aug. 31, 1893 at Rye, N.Y. Admitted to Conn. bar in 1921. Member Connecticut general assembly 1931-33. U.S. Senator from Connecticut 194649, resigning to become justice Supreme Court of Errors of Conn. since 1949. Member St. John's Lodge No. 8, Stratford, Conn. since June 6, 1929.

Lloyd G. Balfour Jewelry manufacturer; president and treasurer of L. G. Balfour Co. since 1913. b. Jan. 6, 1887 at Wauseon, Ohio. LL.B. University of Indiana in 1907 and A.B. University of Louisville. Past grand consul of Sigma Chi social fraternity and former chairman of the National Interfraternity Conference. 32° AASR and Shriner.

Robert Arthur Lytton, 3rd Earl of Balfour Initiated Lodge Tyneside No. 714 in 1928, serving as master in 1932 and Grand Master Mason of Scotland from 1939-41.

A. P. Ball Showman. Predecessor, of P. T. Barnum as the greatest showman of his day. Member of Western Star Lodge No. 15, Bridgewater, N.Y.

Edmund F. Ball President of Ball Bros. Co. of Muncie, Ind. since 1948. b. Jan. 8, 1905 at Muncie, Ind. Grad-uated from Yale in 1928. With Ball Bros. Co. since 1928 as assistant secretary, vice president. Raised in Muncie Lodge No. 433, Muncie, Ind. Sept. 9, 1927. Member of Muncie Chapter No. 30, R.A.M. Muncie Council No. 16, R. & S.M., Muncie Commandery No. 18, 32° AASR at Indianapolis. Murat Shrine Temple and St. James Conclave, Red Cross of Constantine, both of Indianapolis. Commander of Muncie Commandery in 1938, grand commander of Grand Commandery, K.T. of Indiana in 1946-47; grand treasurer of Grand Encampment, K.T. U.S.A. in 1955.

Frank C. Ball (1857-1943) President of Ball Brothers, Muncie, Ind. b. Nov. 24, 1857 at Greensburg, Ohio. Ball Brothers donated seven million to educational and welfare work including buildings for Y.M.C.A., Ball Memorial Hospital and Masonic Auditorium in Muncie and James Whitcomb Riley Children's Hospital at Indianapolis. Raised Nov. 15, 1891 in Muncie Lodge No. 433, Muncie, Ind. Member of Muncie Chapter No. 30 R.A.M.; Muncie Council No. 16, R. & S.M. and Muncie Commandery No. 18, K.T. all of Muncie, Ind. 32° AASR at Indianapolis, Ind.

George A. Ball (1862-1955) Glass manufacturer. Chairman of board of Ball Bros. Co. at Muncie, Ind. b. Nov. 5, 1862 at Green, Ohio. Began manufacture of glass in partnership with four brothers at Buffalo, N.Y. in 1888, moving to Muncie the same year. Raised Dec. 15, 1898 in Muncie Lodge No. 433, Muncie, Ind. Member of Muncie Chapter No. 30, R.A.M.; Muncie Council No. 16, R. & S.M.; Muncie Commandery No. 18, K.T. all of Muncie, Ind. and 32° AASR in Indianapolis. Member of Murat Shrine and St. James Conclave, Red Cross of Constantine, both of Indianapolis.

John Ball Rear Admiral, U.S. Navy. b. Aug. 31, 1893 at Artesia, Calif. Enlisted in Navy, 1912 and advanced through grades to rear admiral in 1944. Served on U.S.S. Aroosook with North Sea Mine Force in WW1. In naval supply branch in California, Washington, Puerto Rico, Utah, and commanding officer Naval Supply Depot, Mechanicsburg, Pa., 1948-50. Retired in June, 1950. Member of Annapolis Lodge No. 89, Annapolis, Md. (EA 11 Dec. 1920; FC 3 Aug. 1922; MM 22 Aug. 1922). Received his Royal Arch degree in Borinquin Chapter No. 1, R.A.M. and knighted in Puerto Rico Commandery No. 1, K.T., both in San Juan, P.R. in 1943, demitting in 1953 to Palo Alto Chapter No. 93 and Palo Alto Commandery No. 47 in Palo Alto, Calif. Member of Islam Shrine Temple, San Francisco and El Camino Real Chapter No. 413 of National Sojourners being past president and regional representative for northern California.

L. Heisler Ball (1861-1933) U.S. Senator from Delaware. b. Sept. 21, 1861 near Stanton, Del. Received Ph.B. from Delaware College in 1882 and M.D. from Univ. of Pennsylvania in 1885, beginning practice of medicine that same year. Served as state treasurer of Delaware 1898-1900. Delegate at large to 57th Congress, 190103. Served two terms in U.S. Senate, 1903-05, 1919-25. d. Oct. 18, 1933.

Thomas R. Ball (1896-1943) Architect and ex-congressman. b. Feb. 12, 1896 at New York City. Architect and designer of many residences and buildings in eastern Connecticut. Member of 76th Congress (1939-41) from Connecticut. Mason, 32° AASR. d. June 16, 1943.

James Ballantine (1808-1877) Scottish poet and reviver of art of glass painting and maker of stained-glass windows. Author of The Gaberlunzie's Wallet. Mason.

James Ballantyne (1772-1833) Scottish printer, who with his brother John q.v. was an intimate friend of Sir Walter Scott and published his work from 1802-08 until ruined by bankruptcy of Constable and Co. in 1826. After that he was editor of the Weekly Journal. A member and past master of Kelso Lodge No. 58.

John Ballantyne (1774-1821) Scottish printer who with his brother James q.v. was a friend and business associate of Sir Walter Scott, publishing his works from 1808. He was initiated in Lodge Edinburgh St. Davids, No. 36 and afterwards master of Lodge Ayr Kilwinning, known originally as Squareman's Kilwinning Lodge No. 65, Ayr, Scotland.

William S. Ballenger Treasurer of Chevrolet Motor Co., Flint, Mich., 1911-25. b. Dec. 5, 1866 at Cambridge City, Ind. Secretary and treasurer of Flint Wagon Works 1888-1916. Director of Industrial Rayon Corp., Cleveland since 1930. Mason, 32° AASR.

George W. Balloch Union general in Civil War. Member of Stansbury Lodge No. 24, Washington, D.C.

Hosea Ballou (1771-1852) Baptist clergyman and founder of the Universalist Church. b. April 20, 1771 at Richmond, N.H. He was editor of the Universalist Magazine (1819-28) and Universalist Expositor from 1830. It is not established where he first joined the fraternity, but was a member of Warren Lodge No. 23 at Woodstock, Vt. and served as master in 1807. There is also record of a "Hosea Ballou" as belonging to Mount Lebanon Lodge, Boston, Mass. (Oct. 27, 1817). Ballou died in Boston, June 7, 1852. Was grand warden of G.L. of N.H. between 1811-15.

Lord Baltimore (see Charles Calvert) Joseph Balsam° (see Cagliostro) Robert C. Baltzell (1879-1950) U.S. district judge, Indiana since 1925. b. Aug. 15, 1879 at Lawrence Co., Ill. Admitted to Indiana bar in 1904. Appointed district judge by President Coolidge. Major of infantry in WW1. Mason. d. Oct. 18, 1950.

Louis Charles Balzac French architect and sometimes poet who wrote many Masonic cantieles in French among which is the well known hymn Taisons nous, plus de bruit with music by M. Riguel. He founded the Lodge of the Great Sphinx at Paris. Died March 31, 1820.

Fredrick B. Balzar (1880-1934) Governor of Nevada two terms, 192734. b. June 15, 1880 at Virginia City, Nev. Engaged in mining from 1899. Served in house of representatives (Nev.), 1905 and state senate 1909-17. Chairman state board of education from 1927. Raised Aug. 28, 1908 in Inyo Lodge No. 221 at Independence, Calif. and later affiliated with Carson Lodge No. 1, Carson City, Nevada. Received 32° AASR at Reno, Dec. 17, 1920. d. March 21, 1934.

Simon Bamberger ( 1847 -1926 ) Governor of Utah, 1917-21. b. Feb. 27, 1847 at Darmstadt, Germany coming to U.S. in 1861 and a resident of Utah from 1869. President of Barnberger Coal Co.; director Salt Lake Valley Loan & Trust Co. and Bamberger Electric Railway. Member Utah state senate 1903-07 and member Salt Lake City school board 18981903. Mason. d. Oct. 6, 1926.

George H. Bancroft Motion picture actor. Member Hollenbeck Lodge No. 319, Los Angeles, Calif. and Al Malaikah Temple of Los Angeles.

Jonathan Bancroft Revolutionary War soldier who witnessed the execution of Major Andre. Member St. Paul's Lodge, Groton, Mass.

Harry H. Bandholtz (1864-1925) Major General U.S. Army. b. Dec. 18, 1864 at Constantine, Mich. Graduate U.S. Military Academy 1890, advanceing through grades to major general, 1923. Served with 7th Infantry during Santiago campaign and with 2nd Infantry in Philippine insurrection; governor of Tayabas Province, 1902-03; in command of district of Southern Luzon, 1903; conducted campaign against Simeon Ola in Albay, resulting in destruction of Ola's forces; transferred to District of Central Luzon in 1905 and forced surrender of outlaws Montalan, Sakay and others. Brig. general and chief of Philippine Constabulary 1907-13. In Mexican Border campaign, 1916 and provost marshal general of A.E.F. in WW1 1918-19. Suppressed Miners' Insurrection in West Virginia in 1921, Mason, member Washington Chapter No. 3, National Sojourners. d. May 7, 1925.

Baldwin B. Bane Chief of Securities Division, Federal Trade Commission since 1933. He organized the division. b. Aug. 2, 1891 at Standards-vine, Va. Degrees from Randolph-Macon (1911) and Washington and Lee (1917). Practiced law in Virginia until 1922. Served as officer in WW1 (France). Mason.

John Hollis Bankhead (1842-1920) U.S. Senator from Alabama 1906-1920, b. Sept. 13, 1842 at Moscow, Ala. Captain in 16th Alabama Volunteers (Confederate) in Civil War, 1861-65. Wounded three times. Member Alabama bama house of representatives 186567 and 1880-81 and of the state senate from 1876-77. Warden of Alabama penitentiary 1881-85. In congress was conspicuous as a leader in the work of the Commission on Public Buildings and Rivers and Harbors. Grand master of G.L. of Alabama in 1883-84. d. March 1, 1920.

Frank A. Banks Supervising engineer of Grand Coulee Dam (193343) and other large engineering projects. b. Dec. 4, 1883 at Saco, Maine. Began as engineer U.S. Reclamation Service, Lower Yellowstone Project in 1906. Construction engineer, Jackson Lake Dam, Wyo., 1913-16; Minidoka Project, 1916-20; American Falls Dam, 1920-26; Owyhee Dam & Project, 1926-33. Acting administrator Bonneville Power Project, 1939; regional director Region 1, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, 1943-45. District manager, Columbia River District since 1945. Raised May 17, 1919 in American Falls Lodge No. 58, American Falls, Idaho.

Nathaniel P. Banks (1816-1894) Governor of Massachusetts (1858-61) and Civil War general. b. Waltham, Mass. Served through Civil War as major general and received thanks of Congress in 1864 for capture of Port Hudson (1863). Member of U.S. House of Representatives, 1853-57, 1865-73, 1875-79 and 1889-91. Speaker of house 1856-57. He was a member of Monitor Lodge, Waltham, Mass. and although a Union general, delivered the St. John's day address at Memphis, Tenn., on June 24, 1875.

Jose Bans One of the five Catholic friars who established the lodge Philantrophia in Santo Domingo (now Dominican Republic) in 1819 and met in the vestry of a Catholic Church called Convento Dominico.

N. Moore Banta (1867-1932) Writer of children's stories. b. Dec. 3, 1867 at Rensselaer, Ind. Editor and publisher with Flanagan & Co., Chicago from 1921. Wrote 23 children's books between 1905 and 1927. Mason. d. Feb. 5, 1932.

Parke M. Banta Congressman from Missouri, 80th Congress (194749). b. Berryman, Mo. Nov. 21, 1891. Admitted to Missouri bar in 1913. Practiced at Potosi, Mo. from 191425. Administrator of State Social Security Comm. (Mo.) 1941-45. Circuit judge, 1935-36. Served in WW1 advancing from private to 1st lieutenant. General counsel, U.S. Dept. of Health and Education since 1953. Raised in Potosi Lodge No. 131 at Potosi, Mo. about 1916, serving as master in 1923. 32° in Missouri Consistory No. 1, St. Louis. Member of Ironton chapter No. 349, O.E.S.

Charles W. Barber (1872-1943) Brigadier General U.S. Army. b. Sept. 21, 1872. Served in Spanish-American War 1898-1899, being mustered out as a captain; served in the Philippines 1899-1908 and duty with Isthmian Canal Commission, Panama, 1908-15. Mexican border service in 1916. Brig. general N.A., July 25, 1917. Commanded the 29th Infantry Division, 1917 and 57th Infantry Brigade in front line sectors as chief of staff, Base Sector No. 2, Bordeaux, France WW1. Retired as brigadier general in 1930 serving as director, officer and special representative of several corporations. Mason. d. Jan. 7, 1943.

George C. Barber President-general of Methodist Church of Australia (1948-51) and president of Australian Council, World Council of Churches (1950-51). b. Jan. 24, 1893 at Bendigo, Australia. Graduate of Wesley College and University of Melbourne in Australia and University of London, England. Ordained Methodist ministry in 1922. President of Victoria-Tasmania Conference, 1948; chairman Australian Student Christian Movement, 1939-51. Served in WW1; military chaplain 1936-39 and Air Force chaplain 1939-46. Chaplain of the grand lodge 1949-51. Mason.

Orion M. Barber ( 1 8 5 7 - 1 9 3 0 ) Judge, U.S. Court of Customs Appeals. b. July 13, 1857 at Jamaica, Vt. Member of Vermont house of representatives in 1892 and state senate in 1894. Was member of commission to revise Vermont statutes, state railroad commissioner and state auditor. Mason. d. March 28, 1930.

Clarence A. Barbour (1867-1937) President of Brown University 192636; Peddie School, 1929-36; Worcester Academy 1926-36. b. April 21, 1867. Ordained Baptist ministry in 1891. Professor of homiletics, Rochester Theolo. Seminary, 1915-29. President of Northern Baptist Convention, 191617. Author of several books on religion. He was grand chaplain of the G.L. of New York four years and of the G.L. of Rhode Island one year. d. Jan. 16, 1937.

James Barbour (1775-1842) Secretary of War, minister to England, U.S. Senator and governor of Virginia. b. June 10, 1775 in Orange Co., Va. Gained a knowledge of law while a deputy sheriff and admitted to practice when 19. Sat in Virginia House of Delegates from 1796-1812. Elected governor in 1812. After term as governor, was elected to U.S. Senate in 1815. In 1825 John Q. Adams made him Secretary of War. In 1828 he went to England as American minister, but was recalled upon the election of President Jackson. Member of Stephensburg Lodge No. 40, Stevens-burg, Va. d. June 8, 1942.

Sir Charles Malcolm Barclay-Harvey (of Kinord) 95th Grand Master Mason of Scotland (1949-54) and G.M. of G.L. of Southern Australia, (194144). First grand principal, Grand Chapter of Scotland, 1948-53, making trip to South Africa in 1950 to visit chapters there. He was initiated in Apollo University Lodge No. 357 (E.C.) in 1908 and affiliated with Lodge Charleston of Aboyne No. 281 in 1924.

McClelland Barclay (1 8 9 1-1 9 4 3 ) Artist and illustrator. b. May 9, 1891 at St. Louis, Mo. Began as advertising illustrator in 1912 and is also known for sculpture and portrait painting. Awarded 1st prize WW1 for recruiting poster and 1st prize for Red Cross poster Fill the Breach. Creator of the Fisher Body Girl. Designer of covers for Ladies' Home Journal, Pictorial Review, Saturday Evening Post, etc. A naval camoufleur in 1918. Called to active duty as lieutenant commander in Navy, 1940 and reported missing in action while passenger on ship torpedoed in Solomon Sea, July 18, 1943. Mason.

A. T. Bard President of Reliance Manufacturing Co., Chicago since 1944. b. March 18, 1889 at New Carlisle, Ind. Started with the Reliance Company in 1901 and advanced from cutting room foreman to president. Member of Republic Lodge No. 914 Chicago, Ill.

Guy Kurtz Bard (1895-1953) U.S. District Judge, Eastern Pennsylvania 1939-52, resigning to private practice. b. Oct. 24, 1895 at Lincoln, Pa. Admitted to bar in 1922. Attorney general of Pennsylvania 1938-39. Active in Democratic politics on state and national level. Mason. d. Nov. 23, 1953.

Samuel Bard (1742-1821) Famous early American physician who was personal doctor to George Washington in New York following the Revolution. He was instrumental in establishing first New York medical school and the New York hospital. Member of Union Lodge, N.Y.

Thomas R. Bard (1841-1915) U.S. Senator from California. b. Dec. 8, 1841 at Chambersburg, Pa. Graduated from Chambersburg Academy at 18 with honors and studied law. Sent by

56 Countess Helene Hadik Barkoczy Col. Thomas A. Scott in 1865 to California to supervise his property, and remained. Was interested in farm lands and oil property. Served as U.S. Senator from 1900-1905. Member of Hueneme Lodge No. 311, Hueneme and Ventura Chapter No. 50. Also Knight Templar. d. Mar. 6, 1915.

Graham A. Barden Congressman from North Carolina to 74th to 81st Congresses (1935-51). b. Sept., 1896, Sampson Co. North Carolina. Began as school teacher in New Bern and admitted to bar in 1920. Mason and Shriner.

Clinton L. Bardo (1867-1937) President of New York Shipbuilding Co., 1928-37. b. Oct. 24, 1867 at Montgomery, Pa. With railway and steamship companies since 1885, beginning as telegraph operator. Superintendent of N.Y.C. & H. R.R. 1907-12; assistant general manager of N.Y. N.H. & H. R.R. in 1913; president of Central N.E. Ry. 1920-25. Mason. d. Aug. 2, 1937.

Winfield W. Bardwell (1872-1946) Judge and college president. b. July 18, 1872 at Excelsior, Minn. Admitted to Minn. bar in 1893. Presiding judge, District Court of Minneapolis since 1919. President of Minneapolis College of Law since 1924 and member of faculty University of Minnesota for many years. Mason. d. Dec. 22, 1946.

Frank F. Barham Vice president and director of Hearst Consolidated Publications, Inc. and Hearst Publishing Co., Inc. b. May 24, 1879 at Anaheim, Calif. Mason.

Walter S. Baring Congressman from Nevada to 81st Congress (194951). b. Sept. 9, 1911 at Goldfield, Nev. Graduate of University of Nevada in 1934. Representative in Nevada state legislature 1936 and reelected in 1942. With U.S. Navy WW2. Raised in May1941, Reno Lodge No. 13 and has served as senior deacon of same. Member of Valley of Reno, 32° AASR and member of Kerak Shrine Temple and Adah Chapter No. 4 O.E.S.

John Barker (1794-1845) A dispenser of Masonic degrees during middle of the 19th century in the United States. He appeared about ten years after Jeremy L. Cross, who was in the same "business." It is said that he originally received his degrees from Cross. Organized councils in the south and southwest under a warrant from The Supreme Council, Southern Jurisdiction. When the Supreme Council demanded the return of the warrant, he refused. Although his purpose was mercenary, like Cross, he did much to spread the degrees throughout the country.

William J. Barker U.S. District Judge, Southern District of Florida since 1940. b. June 25, 1886 at Marietta, Ga. Admitted to Florida bar in 1916. Florida circuit judge, 1925-40. Mason.

Countess Helene Hadik Barkoczy b. 1833. A Hungarian countess, said to have been a Freemason. The sole heir of Count Johann Barkoczy, she succeeded him on his death in 1871 in the extensive Majorat of Barkoczy. In 1860 she married Count Bela Hadik, aide-de-camp to Emperor Maximilian. She became interested in an extensive Masonic library that came with her inheritance, and being highly educated, made an earnest study of Freemasonry. She endeavoured to gain admittance as a member of the craft and through some close acquaintances who were Freemasons, was initiated in 1875 in the Lodge Egyenloseg at Unghvar, holding a warrant from the Grand Orient of Hungary. On learning of the glaring violation of its statutes, the Grand Orient instituted proceedings against the brethren who were guilty of conferring the degrees and on January 5, 1876 ordered the deputy master of the lodge forever expelled and the officers of the lodge to have their names struck off the lists. The other members were expelled for periods of three, six and twelve months. This still left the question of the Countess's standing in Freemasonry. This was resolved at a meeting of the Grand Orient held on March 10, 1876 when it held that her admission was contrary to law and therefore null and void. They forbad her admittance into any lodge under the penalty of erasion of the lodge from the rolls and requested all other grand lodges to do the same. It was demanded that she return her invalid certificate within ten days.

James A. Barksdale Commissioner of Education, Tennessee, since 1950. b. Nov. 29, 1904 at Kenzie, Tenn. A teacher and principal of Tenn. schools 1925-49. Member of Cookeville Lodge No. 266, Cookeville, Tenn. and past master of same.

Elmer E. Barlow (1887-1948) Justice Supreme Court of Wisconsin 1942-48. b. May 18, 1887 at Arcadia, Wis. Admitted to bar in 1909 and in general practice from 1909 to 1939. Mason. d. June 26, 1948.

Joel Barlow (1754-1812) American poet and diplomat. b. Redding, Conn. Served as chaplain in the Revolution. As U.S. consul to Algiers in 1795, he arranged treaties with Tunis, Algiers and Tripoli. He served as U.S. Minister to France in 1811. His works include two epic poems The Vision of Columbus (1787) and The Columbiad (1807). He was admitted (which probably meant affiliation) a member of St. John's Lodge No. 4, Hartford, Conn. on Jan. 9, 1788. He died near Cracow, Poland in 1812 while trying to reach Napoleon who was then campaigning through Russian snows. Efforts to have his body removed metwith no success. Barlow was chaplain at the execution of Major Andre, the spy.

Henry Clay Barnabee American actor and operatic comedian. A member of Columbian Lodge, Boston, Mass. March 2, 1865, receiving a life membership March 2, 1890. Exalted in St. Andrew's Chapter, R.A.M., Boston on June 3, 1868 and knighted in DeMolay Commandery, Boston, Sept. 23, 1868. Received 32°, Massachusetts Consistory (NJ) April 27, 1866.

Ernest S. Barnard (1874-1931) President of the American Baseball League 1927-31. b. July 17, 1874 at West Columbia, W. Va. Was sports editor of Columbia Evening Dispatch 1898-1902; secretary of the Cleveland Ball Club Co., 1903-10, vice president 1911-15 and president 1922-27. He was vice president of the Acetylene Stove Mfg. Co. of Cleveland. A member of both York and Scottish Rites. d. March 27, 1931.

Isaac D. Barnard (1791-1834) U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania, 1827-31. b. July 18, 1791 at Aston, Pa. Began study of law, but War of 1812 intervened and he served as captain and major in the 14th Infantry. Was at capture of Fort George and Lyon's Creek. In 1815 he resumed his legal studies and admitted to bar in 1816. In 1820 he was elected to the state senate and in 1826 became secretary of state for Pennsylvania. A Mason. d. Feb. 28, 1834.

Cassius McD. Barnes Territorial governor of Oklahoma Territory. Active in all branches of Freemasonry, he attended the grand lodge session of 1902 as master of Guthrie Lodge No. 35. He took an active part in cornerstone laying and assisted in the organization of the Grand Chapter of Oklahoma. He was one of the three original petitioners to the Grand Encampment, K.T. for a commandery and was first commander of Guthrie Commandery No. 1 and first grand commander of the Oklahoma Territory.

James M. Barnes Congressman from Illinois 76th and 77th Congresses (1939-43) Administrative assistant to President of U.S. 1943-45. b. Jan. 9, 1899 at Jacksonville, Ill. LL.B., Harvard, 1924. Admitted to Ill. bar, 1924. Director National Savings and Trust Co. Member of Jacksonville Lodge No. 570, Jacksonville, Ill. and 32° AASR (NJ) at Springfield, Ill. Shriner and Jester.

Will C. Barnes (1858-1936) Author, rancher and Congressional Medal of Honor winner. b. June 21, 1858 and educated in public schools of Minneapolis. Enlisted man Signal Corps 1879-82 and received Congressional Medal at Ft. Apache, Ariz., Sept., 1881 "For bravery in action with hostile Apache Indians." Member of Arizona state legislature 1891-92 and of New Mexico legislature 1901-02. Assistant U.S. Forester 1907-28. Mason. Wrote Tales from the X-Bar Horse Camp (1920), Cattle (1930), Arizona Place Names, (1934). d. Dec. 17, 1936.

Eugene E. Barnett General secretary National Council Y.M.C.A.'s since 1941. b. Feb. 21, 1888 at Leesburg, Fla. In Y.M.C.A. work since 1908. Founder of Y.M.C.A. at Hang-chow, China 1910-21; secretary for China 1921-23. Raised in University Lodge No. 408, Chapel Hill, N.C. in 1910. He later became a charter member of Amity Lodge in Shanghai, China under Philippine jurisdiction.

George A. Barnewall (1888-1952) Vice president of Brooklyn Dodgers baseball team. At his death on April 14, 1952 he was Deputy G.M. of the G.L. of New York and if he had liveda few weeks longer would have been installed as grand master. He was raised Oct. 18, 1916 at age of 28 in Continental Lodge No. 287, N.Y. While a grand lodge officer Barnewall always arranged an afternoon "break," so the delegates could see his team play while the committees digested the reports of the morning communication.

John Barney (1780-1847) Masonic lecturer who studied under Thomas Smith Webb q.v. b. October, 1780 at Litchfield, Conn. Raised in Friendship Lodge No. 20, Charlotte, Vt. in 1810. He was appointed "Lecturing Master" of the G.L. of Vermont in 1817, moving to Harper's Field, Ohio in 1826 where he affiliated with New England Lodge No. 4 of Worthington in 1834 and served as grand lecturer of Ohio from 1836-43. He later moved to Chicago, Ill. where he affiliatcd with Apollo Lodge No. 32 and was appointed grand lecturer of Illinois in 1845. d. 1847 at Peoria, Ill.

Joshua Barney (1759-1818) Commodore American Navy, serving in Revolutionary War and War of 1812. b. July 6, 1759 at Baltimore, Md. Served throughout the Revolution, being captured three times by the British. Captured British frigate General Monk (1782). In French service 17961802. A privateer during War of 1812. Joined forces at Bladensburg, Md., defending Washington where he was severely wounded in 1814 and captured for the fourth time. d. Dec. 1, 1818. He was buried with military and Masonic honors at Pittsburgh, Pa. Dec. 1, 1818. He was made a Freemason in the Lodge of the Nine Sisters, Paris, France in 1799 (although other sources state that he was raised in Lodge No. 3, Philadelphia, Pa. on May 17, 1777, and still another lists him as a member of No. 3 on May 1, 1777). He was a visitor of Lodge No. 2, Philadelphia on June 16, 1780.

Maurice V. Barnhill Judge, Supreme Court of North Carolina since 1937. b. Dec. 5, 1887 at Halifax, N.C. Admitted to bar in 1909. Member state legislature (N.C.) 1921-23; judge N.C. Superior Court, 1924-37. Mason and Shriner.

Henry A. Barnum (1833-?) Major General (Union) in Civil War. b. Sept. 24, 1833 at Jamesville, N.Y. Studied law and enlisted as a private in 12th New York volunteers in 1861, advancing through grades to major general, March, 1865. He was twice wounded. First officer to enter Savannah on Sherman's march to the sea. After war became inspector of New York prisons, harbor-master of New York and deputy tax commissioner. Member of lodge at Syracuse, N.Y. Member of Syracuse Lodge No. 102, Syracuse Chapter No. 70, R.A.M., of N.Y.

William H. Barnum (1818-?) U.S. Senator from Connecticut. b. Sept. 17, 1818. Engaged in the manufacture of car wheels and iron production. Served in the state legislature in 1852 and in U.S. Congress as representative from Connecticut from 1866-1876. Elected to U.S. Senate in 1876, serving until 1879. Member of Montgomery Lodge No. 13 at Lakeville, Conn.

Joseph L. Baron Jewish rabbi. Founder of Temple Judah, Cedar Rapids, Iowa (1918); Temple Emmanuel, Waukesha, Wis. (1938), Temple Beth El, Madison, Wis. (1939). b. May 27, 1894, Vilno, Lithuania, coming to U.S. with parents in 1907. A.B. Columbia, 1914. Ph.D. Univ. of Chicago, 1932. Professor and faculty member of State Teachers College, Milwaukee and University of Wisconsin. Editor of Young Judean, 1914. Member national council of Jewish education, 1927-30. Author. Member of Wisconsin Lodge No. 13 at Milwaukee; 32° AASR (SJ) at Davenport, Iowa and also Shrine at Davenport. Honorary member of Tripoli Shrine Temple in Milwaukee.

Norris S. Barratt (1862-1924) Judge (president) of Common Pleas, Pennsylvania from 1913. b. Aug. 23, 1862 at Philadelphia, Pa. Admitted to bar 1883. Served in various public capacities. Judge, Court of Common Pleas from 1902, and president from 1913. Author of Freemasonry of Pennsylvania 1827-1907 (3 vols.) with Dr. J. F. Sachse (1909), History of St.

Paul's Church, Philadelphia; Colonial Wars in America and several other works. Mason. d. April 26, 1924.

Jesse W. Barrett (1884-1953) Attorney general of Missouri, 1821-25. b. March 17, 1884 at Canton, Mo. Graduated cum laude Christian Univ. (now Culver-Stockton) Canton, Mo. 1902 and LL.D. 1923; LL.B. George Washington U. 1905. Began practice, St. Louis, 1906. Mason 33° honorary (SJ). d. Nov. 12, 1953.

Lawrence P. Barrett (1838-1891) American actor. b. Paterson, N.J. April 4, 1838. Joined Boston Museum Company (1858-59). Served in Civil War. In partnership with the famous Shakespearean actor Booth q.v. 188691. Excelled in Shakespearean roles. Raised in Oriental Lodge No. 144, San Francisco, Calif. July 19, 1870, Royal Arch membership in New York and member of Adelphic Commandery No. 59, New York City. d. New York City March 20, 1891 and buried by Catholic church.

Oscar F. Barrett (1860-1935) President of The Barrett Line (operators of tow-boats and barges on Ohio and Mississippi rivers) 1897-1907; president of Barrett Line, Inc. from 1927. b. April 27, 1860 at Racine, Ohio. Associated with father in John Barrett & Son from 1882. Vice president of Columbia Life Ins. Co.; president of National Board of Steam Navigation 1928-30. Mason. d. Aug. 12, 1935.

Robert S. Barrett Physician, diplomat, philanthropist. b. March 30, 1877, at Richmond, Va. Educated in the University of the South and George Washington Univ. In 1897 he went to Mexico where he was editor and publisher of the Mexico City Daily Record; returned to the U.S. in 1907. For many years he served the U.S. in quasi-political positions abroad. In 1910, with Charles H. Callahan, he inaugurated the movement to establish the George Washington National Masonic Memorial Association which resulted in the erection of that famous memorial. He served as grand master of the G.L. of Virginia in 1942. From 1925 to 1950 he served as president of the Florence Crittenden Mission, an organization of which his mother was one of the founders. He is 33° Sovereign Grand Inspector General for Virginia AASR (SJ). Dr. and Mrs. Barrett have erected a hospital at the Masonic Home in Virginia (1940) and given an auditorium for the Elks Home at Bedford, Va. (1945). He was grand exalted ruler of the Elks, U.S.A. in 1944-45. In 1946 they gave a library to the city of Alexandria, Va. as a memorial to his mother, and in 1947, gave $1,000,000 to the Barrett Foundation for philanthropic and educational purposes. Barrett is the author of several volumes including Standard Guide to Mexico (1900) ; Blue Book of Mexico (1905); Fifty Years Work With Girls, I Was an Unmarried Mother. He was raised in Puritan Lodge No. 7, Mexico City in 1902, and affiliated with Alexandria-Washington Lodge No. 22, of Alexandria, Va. in 1910. He is a member of Mount Vernon Chapter No. 14 R.A.M. and Old Dominion Commandery, K.T. of Alexandria. While in Mexico, he was one of the organizers of the Anezeh Shrine Temple in 1907.

Samuel A. Barrett Anthropologist and explorer. b. Nov. 12, 1879 at Little Rock, Ark. Received B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. at University of Calif. Ethnologist with George G. Hey Expedition, 1908-09 in South America. Cur-ator of anthropology, Milwaukee Public Museum since 1909 and director 1920-40. Director emeritus since 1940. Active in research and ethnology of Pomo and Miwok tribes of California; also Cayapa Indians of Ecuador. Mason, Knight Templar and Shriner.

Carter T. Barron (1905-1950) Theatre executive. Manager of Loew's Eastern Division of Theatres including D.C., Md., Va., Del. and Pa. since 1934. b. Clarkesville, Ga. Jan 30, 1905. B.S. Georgia Institute of Tech., 1927. Assist. manager and manager of theaters from 1905. Vice president of Kes-Bar, Inc.; director of Washington Board of Trade since 1949; executive vice chairman of National Capitol Sesqui-Centennial Comm. since 1948; Chairman entertainment comm. President's Birthday Balls 1934-46. Head of music and entertainment committee National Democratic Convention, 1940. Mason. d. Nov. 16, 1950.

Dionysiue Barron Male alto singer. Raised in St. Cecile Lodge No. 568, New York City on Oct. 7, 1873.

Clark DeBlanc Barrow President of Southeastern Louisiana College at Hammond since 1952. b. June 8, 1894 at Plaquemine, La. Graduate of Louisana State and Columbia. Mason.

Chester W. Barrows (1872-1931) Judge, Supreme Court of Rhode Island, 1925-31. b. July 4, 1872 at Woonsocket, R.I. LL.B. Harvard, 1898. Admitted to R.I. bar, 1898. Associate Justice Superior Court of R.I. 191325. Mason. d. Feb. 19, 1931.

Lewis 0. Barrows Governor of Maine 1937-41. b. June 7, 1893 at Newport, Maine. Secretary of Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. and United Mutual Fire Ins. Co. of Boston. Maine secretary of state 1935-36. Member of lodge, chapter, council, commandery and consistory.

Augustin Barruel (1741-1820) An anti-Mason better known as the Abbe. Born in Villeneuve de Berg, France, he was a prolific writer but owes his reputation principally to his Recollections to Serve for a History of Jacobinism (1797). He sought to trace the origin of Freemasonry to the Templars, accusing them of having an "impious code and vows of vengeance against kings and priests." Educated by the Jesuits and entered the society. When they were suppressed in France, he went to Moravia and Bohemia.

John Barry Commodore, U.S. Navy in American Revolution. Initiated in Lodge No. 2, Philadelphia, Pa. on Oct. 12, 1795. Suspended NPD in 1800.

William T. Barry (1785-1835) Postmaster General of the U.S. under President Jackson and U.S. Senator from Kentucky. b. Feb. 5, 1785. Served in the war of 1812. Lawyer and statesman. Was a member of Lexington Lodge No. 1, Lexington, Ky. and later of Daviess Lodge No. 22 of Lexington. On Jan. 4, 1830 he was elected an honorary member of Federal Lodge No. 1, Washington, D.C.

John L. Barstow (1832-1913) Governor of Vermont. b. Feb. 21, 1832 at Shelburne, Vt. Served as major in Union army from 1861-64 and was made brigadier general of state troops at time of the St. Albans raid. Member of Vermont house 1864-65 and senate, 1866-68. Became 39th governor in 1880, serving two terms until 1885. Mason. d. June 28, 1913.

Oliver E. Barthel Engineer and inventor. b. Oct. 3, 1877 at Detroit, Mich. Has been designer and engineer with Ford, Cadillac, Oldsmobile and Standard Steel Car Co. Holder of 35 patents. Designed and built outboard motor in 1906; streamlined automobile in 1912; all-steel automobile body in 1917. Mason and Knight Templar.

Frederic A. Bartholdi (1834-1904) Designer of Statue of Liberty in New York harbor. b. April 2, 1834 at Colmar, Alsace, France. He was one of the early members of Lodge Alsace-Lorraine, Paris (Oct. 14, 1875) which was composed of prominent intellectuals, writers and government representatives. When his famous statue Liberty Enlightening the World was achieved, Bartholdi convened his lodge to review it, even before the statue was shown to the U.S. committee. On June 19, 1884, the lodge, as if it were a pilgrimage, went in a body to review his masterpiece that was to be the gift of the French people to the United States. On Nov. 13, 1884 Bartholdi delivered a lecture and gave the lodge a report on the history and various methods used in the execution of his statue. Again the lodge witnessed his emotion when he came back from his visit to U.S. in 1887, and he told them of the ardent welcome he had received and of the wide enthusiasm created by his work. Another famous work by Bartholdi is Le Lion de Belfort, commemorating the defense of Belfort in Franco-Prussian War.

Frank H. Bartholomew President and general manager of United Press Association since April, 1955. b. Oct. 5, 1898 at San Francisco, Calif. Began as a reporter in 1918 on Portland and Vancouver (B.C.) papers, starting with United Press as the Portland Bureau manager. During WW2 he was in charge of all correspondents covering the Pacific War and a correspondent himself in New Guinea, Aleutians, Luzon. He covered the Japanese surrender aboard the U.S.S. Missouri in Tokyo Bay in Sept., 1945 and the atomic bomb test at Bikini in 1946. Member of Temple Lodge No. 14, Sonora, Calif., and Islam Shrine Temple, San Francisco.

H. Roe Bartle Lawyer, youth leader, college president. b. Richmond, Va. Admitted to Kentucky bar in 1920 and Missouri bar in 1921. President of Missouri Valley College, Marshall, Mo. 1948-51. Long-time scout executive for Kansas City area, Boy Scouts of America. Member of 17 boards of directors and owns 5,000 acres in Missouri and Oklahoma. Makes some 200 public speeches a year ranging upwards from $1,000 per speech—much of which he turns over to the American Humanities Fund of which he has been administrator since 1947. Elected mayor of Kansas City in 1955. Member Ararat Shrine Temple; Lebanon Lodge No. 87 (Ky.) Independence Chapter, R.A.M. No. 12 and Palestine Cornmandery No. 17, K.T. of Independdence, Mo.

Frederick B. Bartlett (1882-1941) Bishop, Protestant Episcopal Church. b. Aug. 23, 1822 at South Manchester, Conn. Graduate of Trinity College, Episcopal Theological School and Harvard. Served as deacon and priest from 1908. General secretary National Council. P. E. Churches 1925-31 and consecrated bishop of North Dakota Dec. 16, 1931, transferring to Missionary District of Idaho in 1935. Mason. d. Dec. 15, 1941.

John H. Bartlett Governor of New Hampshire and 1st Assistant Postmaster General in Coolidge Cabinet. b. Sunapee, N.H., March 15, 1864. Member of DeWitt Clinton Commandery, K.T. (N.H.). Birth date March 15, 1869.

Josiah Bartlett (1729-1795) Signer of the Declaration of Independence. Not to be confused with Josiah Bartlett (1759-1820) who was also a physician q.v. b. Amesbury, Mass. Nov. 21, 1729. Practiced medicine at Kingston, N.H. (1750-95). Was a delegate to Continental Congress (1773-76) (1778-79). Associate justice (1782-88) and chief justice (1788-90) of superior court of New Hampshire. He was"President" of New Hampshire, 179093 and its first governor from 1793-94. d. May 19, 1795 at Kingston, N.H. Although his lodge is not known, his great grandson, Levi S. Bartlett, has a letter written by Josiah to his son Ezra saying, "I attended a Mason meeting last night, and as soon as you can I wish you would join the Masons.”

Josiah Bartlett (1759-1820) Revolutionary physician and grand master of the G.L. of Mass. Not to be confused with Josiah, the signer of the Declaration of Independence, who was also a physician q.v. b. Charlestown, Mass. Aug. 11, 1759. He was elected and initiated in Union Lodge at Danbury, Conn. (now No. 40 on the roll) on April 13, 1780; passed April 24 and raised May 2, same year. The history of that lodge, written in 1926, says in discussing the installation of the first master that a meeting was held on April 13 at the home of Mrs. Mary White, "to consider the request of Dr. Josiah Bartlett whose inclination to be a Freemason was so great he was determined if possible to be initiated so as to join this Lodge on the day appointed for the installment of the Wor. Master . . . ." He later became a charter member of King Solomon's Lodge, Charleston, Mass. in Mass. in Sept., 1783. The 150th anniversary history of that lodge confirms his original membership by stating that he was barely 21 years old when in 1780 he received his degrees in Union Lodge at Danbury. Bartlett followed Paul Revere q.v. as grand master of Massachusetts (after union of March, 1792), serving in 1798, 1799 and 1810. d. March 2, 1820 at Charlestown.

Murray Bartlett Organizer and first president of University of Philippines (1911-15). b. March 29, 1871 at Poughkeepsie, N.Y. Graduate of Harvard, Gen. Theol. Sem., Univ. of Roch-

63 Robert A. Bartlett ester, Trinity College, Columbia and Hobart. Protestant Episcopal rector and dean, serving Cathedral of St. Mary and St. John, Manila, P.I. 1908-11. Founder of Tropical Medicine and Public Health school. Chaplain with U.S. Infantry in WW1, wounded in Marne-Aisne offensive Mason. 33° AASR.

Robert A. Bartlett (1875-1946) Explorer. b. Aug. 15, 1875 at Brigus, Newfoundland. Began explorations wintering with R. E. Peary at Cape D'Urville, Kane Basin 1897-98; on a hunting expedition, Hudson Bay and Strait in 1901; captain of a sealer off Newfoundland coast, 1901-05; commanded the Roosevelt, 1905-09, taking active part in Peary's expedition to the pole, reaching the 88th parallel; with Canadian government Arctic expedition 1913-14 as captain of the cutter Kariuk which was crushed by ice in January, 1914. He reached Wrangel Island with 17 persons, and leaving 15 on the island, he crossed ice to Siberia with one Eskimo and returned with a rescue party in Sept., 1914. They reached Nome, Alaska a year later with 13 survivors. In the service of the U.S. government, National Geographic Society and various museums, he made exploration trips until 1944 to Arctic ocean, Greenland, Alaska, Baffin Land, Siberia, and Hudson Bay. Received many national and international honors for his explorations. Author of several books. Mason. d. April 28, 1946.

Francesco Bartolozzi (1727-1815) Famous Italian designer and engraver. b. Florence, Italy. Studied on the continent and settled in London in 1764. He was an early member of the Lodge of Nine Muses No. 235, London, and collaborator of Cipriani q.v. the painter, who was a member of the same lodge. He was one of the four members of this lodge to be original members of the exclusive Royal Academyat its foundation in 1768. He engraved works of Guercino, Annibale Carracci, Giordano, Reynolds, Gainsborough, Cosway and Angelica Kauffmann. The frontispiece of the 1784 edition of the Book of Constitutions is his engraving. He became engraver to the King (England), later moving to Lisbon where he became head of the Royal Academy at Lisbon (1802-15).

Sir Edmund Barton (1849-1920) First prime minister of Australian Commonwealth (1901-03). Speaker of legislative assembly, New South Wales, 1883-87 and attorney general in 1889 and 1891-93. He led the delegation presenting Australian Commonwealth Constitution bill to British Parliament in 1900. Nearly one-third of the members of the first Australian parliament were Freemasons. He was judge of the Australian high court from 1903 until his death in 1920. Barton was a member of Australia Lodge of Harmony No. 556 (initiated March 3, 1878) which later became No. 5 with the establishment of the United Grand Lodge of New South Wales in 1888. He was invested as senior deacon of the lodge on June 9, 1880.

LeRoy Barton Architect. b. Dec. 14, 1887 in New York City. An architect in New York City, 1910-34. Assistant to Secretary of Treasury 193439 and acting supervising architect to Treasury Department. Architectural supervisor Public Buildings Administration, 1939-40. Now practicing as consultant architect. Served in both WW1 and WW2, retiring as colonel in 1948. Raised in Wamponamen Lodge No. 437, Sag Harbor, N.Y. on March 3, 1921. Member of Manhattan (N.Y.) Chapter No. 86, National Sojourners and Martyr's Camp, Heroes of '76.

William Barton (1748-1831) Colonel of American Revolution. b. May 26, 1748 at Providence, R.I. Noted for his daring capture of British General Prescott in the latter's house at Newport. He was imprisoned at Danville, Vt. from 1810-24 for refusing to pay judgment on his land in Vermont. The judgment was paid by General Lafayette q.v. on his visit to America in 1824. He became a member of St. John's Lodge, Providence, R.I. in 1779. d. at Providence, Oct. 22, 1831.

Sydney N. Baruch Research engineer who invented the depth bomb successfully used in destruction of submarines in WW1 and WW2. b. March 1, 1890 at Mamaroneck, N.Y. Chief engr. Federal Telephone Co. (radio division of Postal Telegraph Co.) 1919-20. President of Public Service Corp. of Calif. 1916-20. Conductor of private research laboratories in New York City since 1930. Inventor of thermo relay and other devices, also thyraton and nortron type mercury rectifier tubes and sound recording on film (1934). Designer of 300,000 volt direct current transmission system of Bonneville Project. Mason and Shriner.

Charles Baskerville ( 1870 - 1922 ) Chemist who discovered the chemical elements, carolinium and berzellum. b. June 18, 1870 at Noxubee Co. Miss. Author of many books on chemistry. Mason. d. Jan. 28, 1922.

Edward Bass (1726-1803) First Protestant Episcopal bishop of Massachusetts in 1797. His bishopric included Rhode Island and New Hampshire. b. Dorchester, Mass. Nov. 23, 1726. Served as pastor at Newbury, Mass. from 1752-1803. Admitted a member of St. John's Lodge No. 1 of Portsmouth, N.H. April 12, 1758. In 1768 he served as grand chaplain of the G.L. of Mass.

Perkins Bass Congressman from New Hampshire to 84th Congress. b. Oct. 6, 1912 at East Walpole, Mass. Admitted to N.H. bar in 1938. Member N.H. state legislature, 1939-43 and1947-49. President of N.H. state senate 1949-51. Member of Altemont Lodge No. 26, Peterborough, N.H. 32° AASR (NJ) in Nashua, N.H. Member of Bektash Shrine Temple, Concord, N.H.

Norman L. Basset (1869-1931) Justice, Supreme Court of Maine 1925-31. b. June 23, 1869 at Winslow, Me. Graduate of Colby College, Harvard and University of Maine. Mason. d. Sept. 29, 1931.

Richard N. Batchelder (1832-1901) Quartermaster General of U.S. Army. b. July 27, 1832 at Lake Village, N.H. Entered volunteer service in 1861 and rose through arnks to brigadier general on March 13, 1865. Was awarded Congressional Medal of Honor in Civil War. Entered regular service after war and made Quartermaster General in 1890. A member of Lafayette Lodge No. 41 at Manchester, N.H. d. 1901.

Robert F. Batchelder Commodore, U.S. Navy. b. March 27, 1895 at Worcester, Mass. Commissioned ensign in supply corps of Navy in 1921 and advanced through grades to commodore in Nov., 1945. With Atlantic fleet in WW2, Sicilian occupation and Normandy invasion. Deputy administrator, War Assets Admin., 1946-47; assistant chief, Bureau of Supplies and Accounts, U.S. Navy since 1947. Retired. Raised in Quinsigamond Lodge, Worchester, Mass. in 1922. Life member of Eureka Chapter, R.A.M., Worcester, Mass.; life member California Consistory AASR (SJ) at San Francisco; life member of Chapter No. 3, National Sojourners and Heroes of '76, Washington, D.C.

Willis T. Batcheller President and chief engineer of Canadian Alaska Railway Co., involving 3,300 mile transcontinental system from Seattle and Vancouver to Fairbanks, Alaska. b. Dec. 23, 1889 at Joliet, Ill. President and chief engineer of Portland Canal Power Co. Served as engineer on many hydro-electrical developments, including Grand Coulee, Skagit River, Nimpkish River pulp plant and Quincy Valley Irrigation Dist. Raised in Green Lake Lodge No. 149, Seattle in April, 1921. Member of Ballard Chapter No. 26, R.A.M. Seattle Council No. 6 R. & S.M., Bethlehem Cornmandery, K.T. No. 19 all of Seattle. Active worker in Commandery 32° AASR (SJ) in 1921 and KCCH in 1945. Past wise master of Rose Croix, 1944. Member of Nile Shrine Temple since 1921 and past patron of University Chapter, O.E.S.

James C. Batchelor (1818-1893) Succeeded Albert Pike as 9th grand commander of Supreme Council AASR (SJ) in 1891, serving until death in 1893. b. July 10, 1818 at Quebec, Canada. Was a physician in New Orleans and distinguished himself in the yellow fever epidemic. Initiated in Eureka Lodge No. 64, Greenville, Ala. April 11, 1846 and Royal Arch in Polar Star Chapter No. 21, New Orleans Aug. 17, 1857. Joined Orleans Council R. & S.M. Feb. 15, 1859 and Jacques DeMolai Commandery, K.T. No. 2, New Orleans, Feb. 17, 1860. 32° AASR in New Orleans Dec. 17, 1856 and 33° on Feb. 14, 1857. d. July 28, 1893 at Washington, D.C.

William B. Bate (1826-1905) U.S. Senator from Tennessee. b. Oct. 7, 1826 near Castilian Spring, Tenn. Was a steamboat clerk on Mississippi river and served as private in Mexican War in Louisiana and Tennessee regiments. He served in the Tennessee legislature and graduated from Lebannon Law School in 1852, practicing at Gallatin, Tenn. Entering the Civil War as a private, he advanced to major general, C.S.A. 1861-65, being wounded three times. After the war he practiced law at Nashville and was U.S. Senator from 1887 until his death in 1905. He was a member of King Solomon Lodge No. 94 (successor of No. 6).

Edward Bates (1793-1869) Attorney General of United States in Lincoln's cabinet. b. Sept. 4, 1793 at Belmont, Va. of Quaker parentage. He came to Missouri in 1814 at the age of 21, his brother Frederick q.v. then being secretary of the territory. Admitted to bar in 1816 after studying with Rufus Easton q.v.. He was a member of the convention of 1820 that framed the state constitution of Missouri, and appointed by Gov. McNair q.v. as first attorney general. In 1822 he was a member of the legislature and in 1824 was appointed by President Monroe q.v. as U.S. Attorney for the District of Missouri. He was the second representative in Congress from Missouri being elected to the 20th Congress in 1826, but declined re-election. In 1830 he served as state senator and in 1834 as state representative. In 1850 President Fill-more q.v. appointed him Secretary of War and he was confirmed by the Senate, but declined the position. In 1853 he was elected judge of the St. Louis Land Court and in 1856 he was presiding officer of the Whig national convention in Baltimore. President Lincoln named him Attorney General of the U.S. in 1861 and he served until 1863 when he resigned. He was the first cabinet member from west of the Mississippi river. He was a member of Missouri Lodge No. 12, under Tennessee charter (later Missouri No. 1) and was active in the formation of the Grand Lodge of Mo. He was elected to preside at the preliminary convention and was later made permanent chairman. A preamble and resolution was drawn up, evidently the work of Bates. Two months later the delegates again assembled to consider the matter of organizing a grand lodge with Bates presiding. Bates served four terms as grand master, 1825-26-27-31. In his last term as grand master he introduced a resolution to be submitted to all subordinate lodges of the state (height of Anti-Masonic period) which ended: "Be it Resolved, that immediately after the close this evening, this Lodge shall cease to act as an organized body, and that its charter be surrendered and returned to the Grand Lodge." As far as known, Edward Bates never thereafter appeared at a Masonic meeting. d. March 25, 1869.

Frederick Bates (1777-1825) Second governor of Missouri, 1824-25. b. June 23, 1777 in Belmont, Va. of a Quaker family. Older brother of Edward Bates q.v. In 1797 he settled in Detroit, Mich. where he engaged in the mercantile business and served as postmaster, U.S. Receiver of Public Money and named in 1805 by Jefferson as the first U.S. Judge for the Territory of Michigan. He first appeared in St. Louis in 1806 where he was first recorder of the Board of Land Commissions. On May 7, 1807, Jefferson appointed him as the second secretary for the Territory of Louisiana, a position he held 13 years until the formation of the state government. As Territorial secretary he compiled the Laws of the Territory of Louisiana, which was the first book printed in the territory. He was probably made a Freemason in Michigan for he is listed as a charter member of St. Louis Lodge No. 111 (Pennsylvania charter) in 1809. He succeeded Meriwether Lewis as Master. He is also listed as a charter member of Missouri Lodge No. 1 (12 under Tenn.) when the Grand Lodge of Missouri was formed in 1821. He was elected grand master on Oct. 3, 1821 and turned it down for reasons of heavy business and poor health. This was probably true as he died Aug. 4, 1825 after having served as governor for less than a year.

Isaac B. Bates (1780-1845) U.S. Senator from Massachusetts. b. May 14, 1780 in Granville, Mass. Graduated at Yale in 1802 and studied law, practicing in Northhampton, Mass. First elected to Congress as an anti-Jackson man, and reelected three times, serving from 1827-1835. In 1841 he was elected to U.S. Senate where he served until his death. He opposed the admission of Texas to the union. Member of Jerusalem Lodge at Northhampton, Mass. d. March 16, 1845.

John L. Bates (1859-?) Governor of Massachusetts, 1903-04. b. Sept. 18, 1859 at Easton, Mass. Practiced law at Boston since 1885. Member state house of representatives 1894 - 99 (speaker 1897-99); lieutenant governor of Mass. 1900-02. President of Mass. Constitutional Convention of 1917-18-19. President board of trustees Boston University 1907-27. Member Baalbec Lodge, East Boston and St. John's Royal Arch Chapter of Boston. 33° AASR (NJ). Deceased.

Joseph B. Bates Congressman from Kentucky, 75th to 80th Congresses (1937-49). b. Oct. 29, 1893 at Republican, Ky2Teacher and school superintendent for 16 years and county clerk of Greenup County, Ky. from 1922-38. Mason.

John S. Battle Governor of Virginia, 1950-54. b. July 11, 1890 at New Bern, N.C. Admitted to bar in 1913 and began practice at Charlottesville, Va. Member of Virginia general assembly in 1920 and state senator from 1934-49. Served in WW1. He is a member of Charlottesville Lodge No. 55 and a past master. A member of Keystone Chapter No. 58, R.A.M. and past high priest. Member of Charlottesville Commandery No. 3, K.T. and Acca Shrine Temple, Richmond, Va.

Laurie C. Battle Congressman from Alabama to 80th and 81st Congresses (1947-51). b. May 10, 1912 at Wilsonville, Ala. Graduate of Birmingham-Southern College and Ohio State Univ. Has been a laborer, clerk, salesman, personnel worker and teacher of sociology at Ohio State Univ. Served in WW2 Pacific Theatre and rose from private to major. Member of Docena Lodge No. 815, Docena, Ala.; 32° AASR at Birmingham, Zamora Shrine Temple; High Twelve and O.E.S. chapter No. 118, Birmingham.

Arthur A. Batts Chairman of the board of the Carborundum Co. b. June 25, 1884 at Syracuse, N.Y. With the Carborundum Co. since 1901 as bookkeeper, office manager, assistant secretary, secretary (1827-42); president (1942-46) and chairman of the board since 1947. Mason.

Clyde M. Bauer Geologist, naturalist. With National Park Service. b. April 5, 1886 at Bristol, Ind. Taught school; was high school principal from 1908-11. With U.S. Geological Survey 1911-16. Commercial geologist 1916-31. Park naturalist, Yellowstone National Park 1932-46 (chief naturalist 194346). Director of Yellowstone Library and Museum Association, 1932-46. Wrote The Story of Yellowstone Geysers (1937) and Yellowstone—Its Underworld. Raised in Bartlesville, Okla. in 1917 and now life member of Columbia Lodge No. 14, Boulder, Colo. 32° AASR (SJ) at Billings, Mont. and member of Al Bedoo Shrine Temple, Billings.

Howard K. Bauernfeind President of J. B. Lippincott Co. Philadelphia, book publishers since 1949. b. April 12, 1900 at Council Bluffs, Iowa. Graduate of Central College, Naperville, III. and Univ. of Chicago. School superintendent from 1921-30. With Lippincott Co. since 1930 as editor, managing editor and vice president. Raised in Monmouth Lodge No. 37, Monmouth, Ill. in 1922. Member of Monmouth Chapter No. 30, R.A.M.

Harry L. Baum (1887-1951) Physician and author of several Masonic plays. b. Sept. 7, 1887 at Shelbyville, Ill. Graduated in medicine from University of Pennsylvania and removed to Denver, Colo. where he specialized in diseases of ear, nose and throat. Was first master of Emulation Lodge No. 154 of Denver and served as grand master of the G.L. of Colorado 193738. Was chairman of the correspondence committee of the G.L. for many years. 33° AASR (SJ) in 1929. Best known for his Masonic plays, John Brent and Prelude to Victory. d. March 25, 1951.

Warren W. Baumgartner Artist and illustrator. b. Oakville, Mo. March 15, 1894. Student at Art Institute of Chicago and Grand Central School of Art, N.Y. Illustrator for national magazines since 1938. Exhibited at National Academy American Water Color Society. Awarded Adolph and Clara Obrig prize in 1941 and Hans Obst prize in 1945. Mason.

Bruce R. Baxter (1892-1947) Bishop, Methodist Church 1940-47. b. Aug. 18, 1892 at Rock Run, Ohio. Assistant to president of University of Southern California 1924-30 and president of Willamette Univ., Salem, Ore. 1934-40. President of Oregon Assn. of Independent Colleges 1939-40. Mason, Knight Templar, 32° AASR. d. June 20, 1947.

James P. Baxter (1831-1921) Author. b. March 23, 1831 at Gorham, Me. President of Savings Bank of Portland and mayor of Portland six terms (1893-97) (1904-05). Organized and established Portland Society of Art in 1883 and Associated Charities. Built and donated libraries to Portland (1888) and Gorham (1907) and conveyed the family mansion to city of Gorham for a museum. President of the Maine Historical Society from 1890. Author of many historical works including The Trelawney Papers (1884); George Cleve and His Times (1885); The British Invasion from the North (1887); The Voyages of Jacques Cartier (1906), and edited 20 volumes of documentary history of Maine. Mason. d. May 8, 1921.

Jedediah H. Baxter Surgeon General, U.S. Army. Member of Columbia Commandery No. 2, K.T. at Washington, D.C. d. Dec. 4, 1890.

John B. Mac. Baxter (1868-1946) Chief Justice, Supreme Court of New Brunswick from 1935. b. Feb. 16, 1868 at Saint John, N.B., Canada. Began as an attorney in 1890. Attorney general of New Brunswick 1916-17; premier of New Brunswick, 1925-31; member of Canadian Parliament 192125 and judge of Supreme Court, N.B. from 1931-35. Mason and 33° AASR. d. Dec. 27, 1946.

Warner Baxter Movie actor. Member Cahuenga Lodge No. 513, Hollywood and of the "233 (Masonic) Club.”

Francis Baylies Lawyer, author, member of Congress and U.S. Minister to Buenos Aires. Original lodge not known, but made honorary member of Mount Lebanon Lodge, Boston, Mass. on Jan. 26, 1835.

Hojijah Baylies Aid to General Washington in Revolutionary War. Held rank of major and was member of Masters' Lodge No. 2, New York.

William Baylis (1848-1919) Architect, inventor and Sovereign Grand Commander, Supreme Council. b. Nov. 8, 1848 at Pictou, N.S., Canada. Became superintendent hospital construction, office of surgeon general, U.S. Army in 1882 (Major). Invented combination steam and hot water heating system in 1893.

Samuel H. Baynard, Jr. (1879-1947) Secretary General of AASR (NJ). b. June 3, 1879 at Wilmington, Del. Graduated B.A. from Delaware College in 1900. Admitted to bar in 1904. Raised in Eureka Lodge No. 23, Wilmington. Author of two volume history of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite (Northern Jurisdiction) in 1938. d. Sept. 9, 1947.

Alfred W. Bays Lawyer, president of The Abbott Foundation and vice chairman of board of Abbott Laboratories since 1947. b. July 12, 1876 at Vermont, Ill. Graduate of Northwestern Univ. School of Law, 1904. Professor of law, 1912-37 at Northwestern. Trustee Northwestern Univ., Lake Bluff Orphanage, Ravenswood and Evanston hospitals and others. Editor and compiler of American Commercial Law Series (9 vols.) and other law works. Mason.

Etienne-Francois Bazot b. March 31, 1782 at Nievre, France. Wrote a Masonic dictionary and manual.

George L. Beal Union general in Civil War. b. May 21, 1825 in Norway, Maine. He left Portland on Oct. 6, 1861 as colonel of 10th Maine regiment. Appointed by president as brigadier general of volunteers Nov. 30, 1864 and mustered out of service Jan. 15, 1866. Member of Oxford Lodge No. 18, Norway, Maine.

Jack Beall, Jr. Radio commentator and newspaperman. b. Dec. 6, 1898 at Waxahachie, Texas. Graduate of Princeton (1921), and Yale Law School, 1924. Admitted to Texas bar in 1924, but gave up practice in 1929 to become newspaperman. With Dallas Times-Herald and New York Herald Tribune and then London correspondent and later Washington correspondent covering White House, Senate and State Department (1937-43). Entered radio field in 1944, with WLW, Cincinnati. Now Washington correspondent for A.B.C. with Headline Edition; News of Tomorrow and This Week Around the World. Mason.

Walter B. Beals Chief Justice, Supreme Court of Washington (1933-34 and 1945-46) and presiding judge for the War Crimes Tribunal in Nurnberg, Germany, 1946-48 (with military leave of absence from Supreme Court of Washington). b. July 21, 1876 at St. Paul, Minn. Admitted to Washington bar in 1901. Judge of Supreme Court of Washington 1928 to 1952. Advanced from private to lieutenant colonel in WW1, served in Meuse-Argonne offensive. Mason and 32° AASR.

Rosenham (Jack) Beam Brigadier General U.S. Air Force. b. June 11, 1895 at Bardstown, Ky. Commissioned 2nd lieutenant Infantry in 1916 and advanced through grades to brigadier general, Air Force, 1948. Served in WW1 with Aviation Section, Signal Corps. Commanded the 12th Air Support Command in invasion of North Africa 1932-43. Commander of various air force bases since 1944. Commanding general of Air Force Technical School, Lowry Air Force Base, Denver since 1945. Mason, National Sojourner and Shriner.

Alexander G. E. Beaman (18851943) Insurance executive and Masonic editor. b. June 23, 1885, Hartford, Conn. Started as shorthand teacher with Gregg School, Chicago and later as executive assistant of railroads and banks. Organized the A. G. Beaman Agency, Ltd. and headed since 1929. President of Fire-Police Commission, City of Los Angeles and director of Hollywood Academy of Fine Arts. Managing editor of Masonic Digest, 1923-25 and secretary of Masonic Periodicals Corp. 1923-25. Active for many years in the care of homeless and transients. Editor of Los Angeles Consistcrry Bulletin from 1912. d. Oct. 22, 1943.

John V. Beamer Congressman from Indiana to 82nd Congress (195153). b. Nov. 17, 1896 in Indiana. A.B. from Wabash College, 1918. Farm owner and operator since 1943. Member of Hanna Lodge No. 61; Wabash Chapter No. 26, R.A.M.; Wabash Council No. 13, R. & S.M.; Wabash Commandery, No. 37, K.T. all of Wabash, Ind. and Capital Forest No. 104, Tall Cedars of Lebanon at Washington, D.C.

Henry J. Bean (1853-1941) Chief Justice, Supreme Court of Oregon (1930-32 and 1937-38). b. Nov. 13, 1853 at Bethel, Maine. Admitted to bar, 1881. Member of Oregon house of representatives 1889, district attorney, county co-judge, circuit court judge. Justice of Supreme Court of Oregon, 1911 to term expiring in 1944. d. May 9, 1941.

Cyrus Beard (1850-1920) Chief Justice, Supreme Court of Wyoming, 1911-13. b. Aug. 1850 in Venango Co., Pa. Began practice of law in Washington, Iowa, 1874. Removed to Harlan, Iowa, 1878 and to Evanston, Wyo., 1890. Justice of Supreme Court of Wyoming, 1904 to term expiring in 1921. d. Dec. 17, 1920.

Daniel Carter Beard (known as Dan Beard) (1850-1941) American painter, illustrator and organizer of the Boy Scout movement in the United States. b. June 21, 1850 at Cincinnati, Ohio. Started as book and magazine illustrator and teacher of drawing. Originator and founder of the first boy scout society from which others were modeled. National Scout Commissioner and honorary vice-president of B.S.A. Awarded the Golden Eagle, by B.S.A., the only one ever given. Chief scout, dept. of woodcraft at Culver (Ind.) Military Academy (1911-15). Mt. Beard, the peak adjoining Mt. McKinley is named for him. Wrote many books on scouting and wilderness lore including: Moonlight and Six Feet of Romance (1890); American Boys' Handy Book (1882); Boy Pioneers and Daniel Boone (1909); Shelters, Shacks and Shanties (1914); Bugs, Butterflies and Beetles (1915); Signs, Signals and Symbols (1918); American Boy's Book of Wild Animals (1921) and at least a dozen others. Associate editor of Boy's Life. Chief of School of Woodcraft. Raised in Mariners' Lodge No. 67, New York City and later a member of Cornucopia Lodge No. 563, Flushing, N.Y. at the time of his death on June 11, 1941. Raised Nov. 30, 1917.

Arthur L. Beardsley (1869-1944) President of Miles Laboratories, Inc. b. Dec. 27, 1869. Employed by hardware companies until 1900 and with Cleveland Twist Drill Co. 1902-20. With Miles Laboratories since 1920, purchasing agent, plant manager, treasurer, general manager and president and treasurer. Mason, Knight Templar, Shriner. d. Jan. 4, 1944.

William S. Beardsley (1901-1954) Governor of Iowa 1949-54. b. May 13, 1901 at Beacon, Iowa. Retail druggist and jewelry business, 1922-38. Operator of 900-acre farm from 1938. Member of Iowa state senate, 1932-40 and house of representatives, 1947-48. Killed in highway accident while governor on Nov. 21, 1954.

Theodore P. Beasley President, owner and general manager of Republic National Life Insurance Co., Dallas since 1937. b. June 29, 1900 at Mt. Ayr, Iowa. Started in insurance business, Joplin, Mo. in 1928. Director of several companies. Active nationally and internationally in Y.M.C.A. and Salvation Army work. Member of Washington Lodge No. 1117, Dallas, Texas. 32° AASR, Dallas and Bella Shrine Temple.

Mrs. Beaton (1717-1802) A lady of Norfolk, England, who it was said, concealed herself in a lodge room andlearned the secrets of the first degree before she was discovered, upon which she herself was initiated. The only reference to the occurrence, which is probably tradition, is found in A General History of the County of Norfolk (1829). It gives the following: "Died in St. John's Madder-market, Norwich, July, 1802, aged 85, Mrs. Beaton, a native of Wales. She was commonly called the 'Freemason' from the circumstances of her having contrived to conceal herself one evening in the wainscoting of a lodge room, where she learned the secret, the knowledge of which thousands of her sex have in vain attempted to arrive at. She was, in many respects, a very singular character, of which one proof adduced is, that the secret of Freemasons died with her.”

John Beatty Commissioner General of prisoners (with rank of Colonel) in Revolutionary War. Raised in Trenton Lodge No. 5, Trenton, N.J. A past master of that lodge, he was elected grand master of the G.L. of New Jersey Jan. 11, 1791. In 1792 he transferred his membership to Solomon's Lodge No. 1.

Troy Beatty (1866-1922) Bishop, Protestant Episcopal Church. b. Nov. 12, 1866 at Tuscaloosa, Ala. Deacon, 1891; priest, 1892. Rector in various churches in Tennessee and Georgia until 1919 when consecrated coadjutor bishop of Tenn. (Sept. 18). Deputy to General Convention from 1901. Mason. d. April 23, 1922.

Henry, 5th Duke of Beaufort Grand master of G.L. of England, 1767-71. Of the Somerset family holding earldoms and later marquess of Worcester, merging in 1682 with dukedom of Beaufort. Its founder was Charles Somerset (1460?-1520) illegitimate son of Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset.

Eugene de Beauharnais (1781-1824) Viceroy of Italy. b. Paris. Served with Napoleon in Egypt, 1798-99. Napoleon made him viceroy of Italy in 1805. He married Princess Amalie Auguste of Bavaria in 1806. In the same year he was formally adopted by Napoleon and made heir apparent to the throne of Italy. He commanded the army corps in Russia (1812), retiring to Bavaria in 1814 and became the Duke of Leuchtenberg and Prince of Eichstatt. He was Grand Commander of the Supreme Council of Italy.

Campbell E. Beaumont Judge, U.S. District Court of Southern California since 1939. b. Aug. 27, 1883. Admitted to bar in 1912. Served as assistant and district attorney. Was judge of Calif. Superior Court, 192139. Mason.

Chevalier d'Eon de Beaumont (1728-1810) A French political adventurer and Freemason who was thought to be an hermaphrodite or a woman. The full name was Charles Genevieve Louis Auguste Andre Timothee de Beaumont. "He" was born at Tonnerre, Burgundy, France on October 5, 1728. In 1755 Beaumont received an appointment at the court of Louis XV and was sent to Russia as a secret agent in woman's dress. In 1762 he was sent to London as an agent and later became minister plenipotentiary. In 1764 doubts began to be expressed as to Beaumont's sex and between 1769 and 1777 the matter became so notorious that a scheme of "insurance on the sex of M. le Chevalier (or Mlle. la Chevalhere) d'Eon" resulted in policies to the amount of £120,000. While the discussion was at its height, Beaumont was initiated a Freemason in La Lodge de l'Immortalite No. 376. It was a French lodge under English constitution and met at the Crown and Anchor tavern on the Strand in London. "He" received the third degree in January, 1769 and was appointed junior warden the same year. Fearing an attempt at kidnapping might be made by those who had effected "policies" on the issue, Beaumont was sheltered by Earl Ferrers at Staunton Harold near Ashby-de-la-Zouch. Ferrers was grand master of England in 1762-63. In 1777 an action was brought by a policyholder against an insurance broker to recover the sum secured by the policy, and when two witnesses swore in court that, of their own personal knowledge, the Chevalier was a woman, Beaumont admitted that "he" was a female. In order to receive a pension from France, Louis XVI decreed that Beaumont should wear woman's dress to the end of "his" life. Beaumont never again entered a Masonic lodge.

William Beaumont (1796-1853) Pioneer physician who laid the foundations for the present medical knowledge of how the human stomach functions. b. in Lebanon, Conn. He was a surgeon with the U.S. Army and when stationed at Mackinac, Mich. in 1822, he was called to treat a young Canadian half-breed named Alexis St. Martin, who had been wounded in the stomach by the accidental discharge of a gun in the store of the American Fur Co. The opening in the stomach failed to close and while alleviating the boy's suffering, Beaumont studied his stomach through this opening, noting the structure and action of gastric juices. He noted that when St. Martin was upset by fear or anger the secretions of acid in his stomach would increase. He observed the effects of alcohol and time required for various foods to digest. His work Experiments and Observations of the Gastric Juice and the Physiology of Digestion (1833) is considered the greatest single contribution ever made to the knowledge of gastric digestion. Although he did not expect St. Martin to live more than 36 hours, the youth survived Beaumont by many years. Beaumont was raised in Harmony Lodge, Champlain, N.Y. holding a certificate from that lodge dated April 11, 1820. He also held a certificate dated April 3, 1820 from the "Mark Master Masons Lodge in the town of Plattsburg, N.Y." A third certificate was issued to him by Plattsburgh Chapter No. 39, N.Y. dated April 3, 1820, which vouched for him as a Royal Arch Mason. After resigning from the Army, he practiced at St. Louis, Mo. where he died on April 25, 1853. In 1954 the Michigan State Medical Society sponsored the reconstruction of the retail store of the American Fur Co. on Mackinac Island where St. Martin was shot, as a memorial to Beaumont. Beaumont Ave. in St. Louis is named for him.

Pierre G. T. Beauregard (1818-1893) Confederate General, Civil War. b. near New Orleans. Graduate of West Point, 1838 and served through Mexican War. Superintendent of West Point at outbreak of Civil War but resigned to enter Confederate Army. As brigadier general he was in command of the bombardment of Fort Sumter, serving through the Civil War at Bull Run, Shiloh and Corinth. He was manager of the Louisiana lottery, 1780-88 and commissioner of public works of New Orleans, 1888. Author of Principles and Maxims of the Art of War (1863) and A Commentary on the Campaign and Battle of Manassas (1891). Mason and Knight Templar.

Charles H. Bebb (1856-1942) Architect of Washington State Capitol and other west coast buildings. b. April 10, 1856 at West Hall, Surrey, England. Began practice in Chicago, 1886, and moved to Seattle in 1893, where as member of Bebb and Jones, designed buildings for University of Washington, residence and commercial buildings and supervising architect of state capitol from 1911. Mason, 32° AASR, Shriner. d. June 21, 1942.

Robert C. Becherer President of Link-Belt Co., Chicago since 1952. b. June 25, 1902 at Indianapolis, Ind. Graduate of Purdue, 1923. With Link-Belt Co. since 1923. Raised in Mystic Tie Lodge No. 398, Indianapolis, Ind. in 1924.

J. George Becht (1865-1925) State superintendent of public instruction of Pennsylvania 1923-25. b. July 17, 1865. President of State Normal, Clarion, Pa. 1904-12 and with State Board of Education from 1912. Mason. d. April 26, 1925.

Stephen Bechtel President of W. A. Bechtel Co. since 1936; vice president of Six Companies, Inc. (builders of Hoover Dam) and of Bridge Builders, Inc. (foundations of San Francisco Bay bridges). b. Sept. 24, 1900 at Aurora, Ind. Vice president and director of a score of firms allied with the shipbuilding, pipe line and heavy construction field. Raised June 30, 1923 in Oakland Lodge No. 188, received 32° AASR (SJ) in Oakland Consistory in 1924; member of Aahmes Shrine Temple, all of Oakland, Calif.

Adam L. Beck (1862-1939) Organizer and president of three Portland Cement Companies, Oklahoma (1906) Great Lakes (1925), Indiana (1917). b. May 9, 1862 at Huntington, Ind. Construction engineer from 1883-87 followed by organization of several limestone companies. Mason. d. Aug. 10, 1939.

Edward A. Beck (1885-1925) City manager of Goldsborough, N.C. (191718) ; Auburn, Me. (1919-20) and Lynchburg, Va. from 1920. b. Jan. 19, 1885 at Peru, Ind. Mason. d. Oct. 18, 1925.

Robert Mc. Beck, Jr. Major General U.S. Army. b. May 9, 1879 at Westminster, Md. Graduate of West Point, 1901. Commissioned 2nd lieutenant, Cavalry 1901 and promoted through grades to brigadier general in 1936 and major general in 1938. Served in Philippines 1903-05 and 1909-11. Participated in many large offensives in WW1. Instructor in army service schools and chief of staff, Operations and Training Div. of War Department General Staff, 1938-39. Retired, 1939. Mason.

T. Romeyn Beck (1791-1885) Physician and author. b. Schenectady, N.Y. Collaborated with his brother John B. in Elements of Medical Jurisprudence (1823). Member of Masters Lodge No. 5, Albany, N.Y.

Arthur D. Becker (1878-1947) Osteopathic physician, president of American Osteopathic Assn. 1931-32 and president of American College of Osteopathic Internists since 1944. President of Des Moines Still College of Osteopathy, 1935-42. President of Associated Colleges of Osteopathy 1938-39. Mason. b. Aug. 20, 1878, at Austin, Minn. d. May 16, 1947.

Rudolph Zacharias Becker (17521822) German popular writer, journalist and active Freemason of Gotha. Edited Allgemeiner Reichsanzeiger (from 1791), Nationalzeitung der Deutschen (1796). In 1786 he published an historical essay on the Bavarian Illuminati titled Grundsatze Verfassung und Schicksale des Illumi- nates Order in Baiern. He also wrote Noth- und Hulfsbuchlein (1788), Mildheimisches Liederbuck (1799), and a description of his experiences in prison in 1814.

John C. W. Beckham Governor of Kentucky. Member of Duvall Lodge No. 6, Bardstown, Ky. (June, 1901) A Knight Templar.

John J. Beckley First clerk of the House of Representatives and first Librarian of Congress. Member of Williamsburg Lodge No. 6, Williamsburg, Va.

Johann Beckmann (1739-1811) German technologist and educator. Professor of economics, Gottingen (from 1770) and author of a history of inventions. Mason.

Marc, Michel and Joseph Bedarride Three brothers classed as Masonic charlatans who were active in the "Rite of Mizraim" during the middle of the 19th century.

Elbert Bede Editor and publisher of several periodicals. b. June 28, 1881. Retired in 1936, moving to Portland, Ore. where he purchased the Masonic Analyst, changing its name to Oregon Mason in 1938 and later to Oregon Freemason. Raised in Chicago Lodge No. 271, North Branch, Minn. and later affiliated with Ashlar Lodge No. 209 of Portland, Ore. Raised in Cisago Lodge 232 (Ill). Member of Cottage Grove (Oreg) Lodge No. 51.

Gunning Bedford, Jr. (1742-1812) Constitution signer of 1787. b. Philadelphia. Colonel and aide to General Washington in Revolution. Washington appointed him the first judge of the U.S. District Court of Delaware, a position which he held until his death. He was the first grand master of Delaware (1806-08). Graduated from Nassau Hall (now Princeton) with distinction. Studied law in Philadelphia and practiced in Delaware. He was raised on Sept. 11, 1782 in Washington Lodge No. 14 (under Pa.) and now No. 1 of Delaware. He served as master of the lodge but the date is not known. It was through his efforts that two U.S. senators were obtained for Delaware. He died March 30, 1812 at Wilmington and was buried with honors by the G.L. of Delaware on the lawn of the Masonic Home on Lancaster Pike about three miles from Wilmington.

Joseph D. Bedle Governor of New Jersey. Raised in Olive Branch Lodge No. 16, Freehold, N.J. on April 24, 1857.

Bernard B. Bee, Jr. Confederate General in Civil war. Graduate of West Point. Bee named General T. J. Jackson "Stonewall" in the first battle of Bull Run where Bee was killed. A Knight Templar in Texas.

Hamilton P. Bee Confederate General in Civil War. Member of Austin Lodge No. 12, Texas.

Lewis C. Beebe Brigadier General U.S. Army. b. Dec. 7, 1891. Commissioned 2nd lieutenant in 1917 advancing through grades to brigadier general in 1942. Served as regimental staff officer 3rd Inf. Division in WW1. Deputy chief of staff for General MacArthur on Corregidor and chief of staff for General Wainwright until surrender of U.S. forces in Philippines. Japanese prisoner of war from 19421945. Later served in Europe. Mason.

Royden E. Beebe Brigadier General, U.S. Army. b. Dec. 14, 1878 at Burlington, Vt. Graduated in chemistry cum laude, Univ. of Vermont, 1900. Commissioned 2nd lieutenant, Infantry, U.S. Army in 1901, advancing through grades to brigadier general in 1942. His son, Royden E., Jr., is also a brigadier general. Served 82nd division WW1 and commanding general of Fort Jackson, S.C. in 194143. Retired. Mason.

R. Livingston Beeckman (1866-1935) Governor of Rhode Island. b. April 15, 1866 in New York City. Banker and member of New York Stock Exchange, 1887-06. Member R.I. house of representatives, 1909-11 and state senate, 1912-14. Served three terms as governor, 1915-21. Mason. d. Jan. 21, 1935.

Carroll L. Reedy (1880-1947) Congressman from Maine to 67th to 73rd Congresses (1921-35). b. Aug. 3, 1880 at Phillips, Maine. LL.B. Yale, 1906.

Began practice at Portland in 1907. Practiced law in Washington, D.C. from 1935. Mason. d. Sept. 20, 1947.

Frederick W. Beekman American clergyman, dean of Nativity Pro-Cathedral of the Holy Trinity, Paris, France since 1918 (Protestant and Episcopal). b. Feb. 14, 1871 at Newbury, Mass. Ordained priest, 1905. Founder of American Students and Artists Center, Paris since 1919. Founder of American Battle Cloister, Paris, 1923. Served in Spanish-American War 1898. Mason.

Alfred B. Beers (1845-1920) Commander in Chief of G.A.R., 1912-13. b. April 23, 1845 at New Rochelle, N.Y. Served as enlisted man Civil War, 1861-65. Lawyer in Bridgeport, Conn. from 1871. Mason. d. March 30, 1920.

Wallace Beery (1889-1949) Movie star, actor. b. in Kansas City, Mo. and attended Chase School in that city. He ran away from home to join a circus and became an elephant trainer. He was first identified with the film world as a female impersonator. He is noted for his character roles in such films as Big House, Hell Divers, The Champ, Grand Hotel, Stable Mates, Sergeant Madden, and Bad Man of Brimstone. Was awarded gold medal as "World's best actor" by the International Motion Picture Exposition at Venice, Italy in 1934. Was a member of the advisory board of the Bank of America. Beery belonged to Blaney Lodge No. 271 of Chicago, 32° AASR and a Shriner. d. April 25, 1949.

Fred I. Holt Beever His Masonic burial was the first Masonic ceremony held in the present state of N. Dak. While carrying orders from General Sibley to Col. Crooks, near the conjunction of Apple Creek and the Missouri River, Beever took the wrong route and was ambushed and killed by the Indians. A marker erected on the spot by the Grand Lodge of North Dakota to his memory, bears the following inscription: "On this spot, July 31, 1863, occurred the first Masonic Ceremony held in the present State of North Dakota. It was the Masonic funeral of Lieutenant Fred I. Holt Beever, an Englishman and Oxonian, and a volunteer soldier attached to the staff of General H. H. Sibley. He was killed in a skirmish with the Indians and was buried in the rifle pits which were dug along this ridge. Deputy Grand Master John C. Whipple of Minnesota, convened an emergency Masonic Lodge, with brothers A. J. Edgerton as Worshipful Master, J. C. Braden, Senior Warden, and Patch, Junior Warden, and the body of Brother Beever was here consigned to earth with Masonic Services. This tablet and marker has been placed by the Grand Lodge A.F. & A.M. of North Dakota, 1920, to commemorate the fact that while Lieutenant Beever died far away from home and among strangers, yet he was among brethren, who saw that the honors so justly his due were paid him.”

Harvey A. Beffa Brewery executive and past imperial potentate of Shrine. b. June 19, 1900 at St. Louis, Mo. With Anton Beffa & Son Wrecking Co., 1915-33. With Falstaff Brewing Corp., St. Louis since 1933 being vice president and director in 1935 and now executive vice president and general manager. Raised in Purity Lodge No. 658, St. Louis, Mo. in 1925, serving as master in 1935. Member of Cabany Chapter No. 140, R.A.M. and St. Aldemar Commandery No. 18, K.T. 32° AASR (SJ) Valley of St. Louis. Potentate of Moolah Shrine temple in 1940. Member of Grotto and 0.E. S . Imperial potentate, North America from 1952-53 of Shrine and honorary life member of 75 Shrine temples.

Lyall T. Beggs National commander Veterans of Foreign Wars, 1948. b. Nov. 1889 at Plainfield, Wis. Graduate of University of Wisconsin, 1925. Admitted to bar in 1926. Member of Wisconsin legislature 1940-46. Mason, 32°, Shriner.

Josiah W. Begole Former Governor of Michigan. Member of Flint Lodge No. 23, Flint, Mich.

Herman A. Behrens ( 1883 - 1945 ) President of Continental Assurance Co. from 1928. b. Sept. 29, 1883 at Hamburg, Germany. With Pacific Mutual Life of California from 1903-12, coming to Chicago in 1907 where he became vice president and manager of Continental Casualty Co. in 191228. Mason, 32° AASR, Shriner.

H. Frederick Behrens (1870-1935) President of Sterling Products, Inc. and Bayer Co., Inc. b. Aug. 4, 1870 at Wheeling, W. Va. Trustee of Washington and Jefferson College. Mason. d. Jan. 17, 1935.

William W. Behrens Commodore, U.S. Navy. b. June 6, 1898 at Lancaster, Pa. Commissioned ensign in 1918 and advanced through grades to commodore in 1945. Executive officer of USS Concord during Pearl Harbor attack and subsequent duty in Pacific. Mason.

Lynden E. "Bee" Behymer (18621947) Impresario and manager of world celebrities on the Pacific coast. b. Nov. 5, 1862 at New Palestine, Ohio. Presented La Boheme first time in America on Oct. 14, 1897 at Los Angeles. In 1898 he formed and managed for 20 years the Los Angeles Symphony Orchestra. Presented Metropolitan Opera Co. on west coast in 1901, 02, 04, 06 and Boston Opera in 1910, 12. Chicago Opera Co. 1914, 16, 18. Brought the following to the west coast for tours: Sarah Bernhardt, Eleanora Duse, Enrico Caruso, Sir Henry Irving, Edwin Booth, Paderewski, Rabindranath Tagore, Jacob Riis, Feodor Chaliapin. Presented Lawrence Tibbett, Maud Allan and Isadore Duncan in first concerts. Knight Templar, AASR member and Shriner. d. Dec. 16, 1947.

William A. Beiderlinden Brigadier General U.S. Army. b. March 4, 1895 at Springfield, Mo. Graduate Drury College, Springfield, Mo., and army service schools. Commissioned 1st lieut. in 1917 and advanced through grades to brig. general in 1943. Commanded 44th Div. Arty. in WW2 and later assistant chief of staff G-1 GHQ, SCAP and FEC, Tokyo, 1946. Mason.

Robert S. Beightler Brigadier General U.S. Army. b. March 21, 1892 at Marysville, Ohio. Student at Ohio State University and of service schools. Member of engineering firm in Columbus, Ohio since 1930 and from 1912-30 was highway engineer, serving as chief engineer of Ohio State Highway Department. Enlisted in 4th Ohio Infantry in 1911, served on Mexican border and WW1. Promoted to major general in 1940 and permanent major general in 1944. Commanded 37th Division in WW2, 43 months in Pacific. Member War Department General Staff, Washington 1932-36; commanding 5th Service Command 1946-47; president of Army Personnel Board 1947-48; commanding general, Camp Chaffee, Ark. and 5th Armored Division since 1948. Mason. Received 33° Sept. 25, 1945.

Edwin J. Beinecke President and chairman of board of The Sperry and Hutchinson Co. since 1923. b. Jan. 6, 1886 in New York City. Graduate of Yale in 1907. President of Henry Maurer & Son, 1921-23; president and chairman of board of U.S. Realty & Improvement Co. 1936-42; chairman of board Plaza Hotel Co. 1936-42; and present director of 13 large corporations. Served as captain in WW1 anddepartment commander of Red Cross in England in WW2. Mason.

Ian Hay Beith (1876-1952) British major general, author and playwright. Served as junior grand deacon of the G.L. of England in 1934. Widely known to literary public and playgoers under psuedonym of his two christian names of "Ian Hay." d. Sept. 1952.

Jonathan Belcher (1681-1757) Colonial governor of Massachusetts, and New Hampshire (1730-41) and of New Jersey in 1747. b. Jan. 8, 1681 at Boston and claimed by some to be the first native born American to become a Freemason. He was raised in an old "Guilde Lodge" in England in 1704-13 years before the founding of the G.L. of England. Others have claimed this honor for John Moore q.v. and John Skene q.v. Belcher is also reported as having been on the rolls of the craft in Nova Scotia at an early date. He graduated from Harvard in 1699, later affiliating with St. John's Lodge in Boston, Mass. In 1756 the trustees of Princeton University wanted to name Nassau Hall after Belcher stating "when your Excellency is translated to a house not made with hands, eternal in the Heavens, let Belcher Hall proclaim your beneficent acts." Upon his retirement as governor in 1741 the First Lodge of Boston called upon him to thank him for the many favors bestowed upon Freemasonry. In reply, he wrote the lodge: ". . . It is now thirty-seven years since I was admitted into the Ancient and Honorable Society of Free and accepted Masons, to whom I have been a faithful Brother & well-wisher to the Art of Masonry . . ." d. August 31, 1757 at Elizabethtown, N.J.

Clark Belden Advertising and public relations expert b. April 4, 1896 at Falls Village, Conn. Student at Brown, Cornell and Northwestern Universities. Started as a reporter, 1914 in Hartford, Conn. In advertising with Insurance companies from 1919 to 1924. With Connecticut Chamber of Commerce 1924-29 as secretary, vice president and director. Lecturer, advisor and public relations expert for many corporations, universities and quasi-governmental organizations. Mason.

Manuel Belgrano Argentine patriot who designed that country's flag. b. June 3, 1779 at Buenos Aires. Studied in Spain and returned to River Plate as consul. Ardent supporter of the 1810 revolution, he formed part of the junta that governed the country for a short time. Was made a general and commanded an unsuccessful military expedition against Paraguay. After this defeat, he created the Argentine flag. He returned to Spain to negotiate recognition of the new state and on his return was given another command, with which he defeated the Spanish Royalists. For these successes he received a substantial grant which he turned into the building of schools.

Robert Edward, 11th Lord of Belhaven (and Stanton) Was 87th Grand Master Mason of Scotland 1931-32.

Brian Bell (1890-1942) Newspaperman and chief of Washington Bureau of Associated Press from 1939. b. March 30, 1890 at York, S.C. Began as a reporter in Columbia, S.C. and has been with Associated Press since 1924 as staff member in Atlanta, Ga., chief of New Orleans Bureau, general staff in New York (1926-30); chief of Los Angeles Bureau (193036); news editor, Western division (1936-39). Mason, 32° AASR, Shriner. d. June 8, 1942.

Charles J. Bell Congressman from Missouri 74th to 80th Congresses (1935-49). b. Jan. 16, 1885 at Lake City, Colo. LL.B. Kansas City Schoolof Law, 1913 and began practice in Kansas City same year. Member of city council of K.C. 1926-30 and judge of 16th Mo. Circuit Court 1931-34. Member of Temple Lodge No. 299, Kansas City, Mo.

Charles J. Bell (1858-1929) Banker, organizer of Bell & Co., Washington, D.C. in 1881. b. April 12, 1858 at Dublin, Ireland. Educated in Wesleyan College, Dublin. Came to U.S. in 1873. General manager of National Telephone Co. in 1880, organizing exchanges in north of England. Chairman of board of Terminal Cold Storage Co., Washington, from 1893. Trustee of George Washington National Memorial Association and National Geographic Society. Mason. d. Oct. 2, 1929.

Charles S. Bell (1880-1945) Judge, Supreme Court of Ohio from 1942. b. Oct. 8, 1880 at Cincinnati, Ohio. Admitted to bar in 1910. Served as local solicitor and prosecutor and judge of court of common pleas, Hamilton Co. Mason, Shriner. d. Aug. 22, 1945.

Frank Bell Acting Governor of Nevada. Member of Reno Lodge No. 13, and grand master of the Grand Lodge of Nevada.

George M. Bell Publisher of The Albertan, Calgary, Alta, Canada since 1943. b. Oct. 13, 1911 at Regina, Sask., Canada. Graduate of McGill Univ. 1932. Liberal. Member of Perfection Lodge No. 9, Calgary, Alta. and Al Azhar Shrine Temple of Calgary.

John Bell Former Governor of New Hampshire. Member of St. John's Lodge No. 1, Portsmouth, N. H.

John Bell (1797-1869) Secretary of War, U.S. Senator from Tennessee and speaker of U.S. House of Representatives. b. Feb. 15, 1797 near Nashville, Tenn. Member of state senate in 1817. Elected to Congress in 1827 over Felix Grundy q.v. and reelected six times, serving until 1841. Elected speaker of house in 1834. Was one of the founders of the Whig party. Named Secretary of War in 1841 by Harrison. Elected to U.S. Senate in 1847, remaining in that body until 1859. Member of King Solomon Lodge No. 6 at Gallatin, Tenn., and was probably a member of Nashville Lodge No. 37 before he affiliated with the former lodge.

John A. Bell Organizer of Negro "bogus" lodges in competition with legitimate Prince Hall (Negro) Grand Lodges.

Lawrence D. Bell Founder of Bell Aircraft Corp., 1935. (Buffalo, N.Y.) b. April 5, 1894 at Mentone, Ind. Started with Glenn L. Martin Co., airplane mfgrs. as shop foreman in 1912 and became vice president and general manager. Then moved to Consolidated Aircraft Corp., (1928) and became vice president and general manager. Organized Bell Aircraft with associates in 1935. Completed the Airaconda, a twin-engine fighting plane with two cannons in 1937; began making the Airacobra, a pursuit plane with one cannon, in 1939 in mass production for U.S. Army. President of Aircraft War Production Council, East Coast, Inc.; president of National Aircraft War Production Council. Received trophy for aid in supersonic flight. Mason.

Robert C. Bell Federal judge. b. Nov. 1, 1880 at Harrisonville, Mo. LL.B. University of Missouri, 1908. U.S. district judge since 1933. U.S. Attorney General 1916-21; attorney for Red Lake Indians (Minn.) 192733; attorney for Pillager Indians (Minn.) 1930-33; Minnesota state senator, 1928-33; Author of Minnesota Income Tax Law. Mason.

Rev. Francis J. Bellamy (1855-1931) Author of the American "Pledge of Allegiance" to the flag. Member of Little Falls Lodge No. 181, Little Falls, N.Y. The original pledge as written by Bellamy did not contain the words "of the United States of America," or "under God." The Order of Eastern Star erected a memorial tablet to him in 1955 at the O.E.S. Home in Oriskany, N.Y.

George, Viscount of Bellfield Grand Master, Grand Lodge of Ireland in 1774. Later became 2nd Earl of Belvedere.

Perry Belmont (1851-1947) Lawyer and philanthropist. b. Dec. 28, 1851 in New York City, son of August Belmont a noted financier. His grandfather was Commodore Matthew C. Perry q.v. Raised in Holland Lodge No. 8, New York City on June 11, 1878 and received 50-year medal and palm on April 28, 1941. Graduated from Harvard in 1872 and Columbia law school in 1876. Practiced in New York until 1881 when he was elected to Congress and served until 1887.

Charles S. Belsterling Vice president of U.S. Steel Corp. since 1932. b. May 31, 1874 at Philadelphia, Pa. Admitted to Pennsylvania bar in 1904; general commerce attorney for U.S. Steel Corp. from 1914 to 1932. Life member of Lodge No. 51, Philadelphia and 50-year veteran. Member of Keystone Chapter No. 175, R.A.M. (life) and Corinthian Commandery (life), both of Philadelphia. Life member of Zamora Shrine Temple, Birmingham, Ala. as well as Lu Lu Temple, Philadelphia.

Harry H. Belt Associate justice, Supreme Court of Oregon since 1925. b. Nov. 24, 1883 at Salem, Oregon. Mason.

Giovanni Battista Belzoni (17781823) Italian explorer and archaeologist. Explored Egyptian antiquities (1815-19); opened temple of Abu-Simbel (1817); discovered tomb of Seti I, Thebes (1817); opened second pyramid of Giza; transferred bust Young Memnon from Thebes to Alexandria. The Norfolk Remembrancer (England) in August 1821 said, "Mr. Belzoni, the celebrated traveller and discoverer of Egyptian antiquities, visited Norwich; he stayed with Jeremiah Ives, Esquire, of St. Catherine's Hill; previous to his departure he received the high masonic degree of Knight Templar." He was referred to as "Bro. Belzoni" when his widow was helped by the Lodge of Emulation (London) in 1825. Bedford Lodge No. 183 (England) also contributed to his widow.

Thomas Benbury Brigadier General of Militia in American Revolution. Served as Master of Unanimity Lodge No. 7, Edenton, N.C.

Charles A. "Chief" Bender (18831954) Baseball player. b. May 5, 1883 at Brainerd, Minn. A Chippewa Indian who was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1953 for winning over 200 games. He pitched for the Athletics in the 1905-1910-1911-19131914 world series. He defeated the New York Giants 3-0 for the Athletics' only victory in 1905. He was first pitcher in world series of six games (1911) to pitch three complete games. In 1910 he pitched a no-hit game against Cleveland. He petitioned Robert A. Lamberton Lodge No. 487 of Philadelphia, Pa. when 27 years of age and was raised on April 4, 1911. He was suspended NPD in 1938, but reinstated in 1943.

Andrew B. Benedict (1885-1953) University administrator. President of Ward-Belmont, 1938-39 and trustee of Vanderbilt University from 1930-53. b. July 21, 1885 at Nashville, Term. Mason.

David Benedict (1779-1874) Early Baptist minister and author. b. Oct. 10, 1779 at Norwalk, Conn. Studied shoemaker's trade, but became interested in religion and graduated from Brown Univ. in 1806. Although he did not hold a regular pastorate, he preached with great vigor until 92 years old. Devoted much time to historical research and wrote History of the Baptists (1813), History of all Religions (1824), History of the Baptist Denominations in America and all Parts of the World (1848), Fifty Years among the Baptists (1860), and several others including poems and a hymn book. He was raised in Newport Lodge No. 1, Newport, Rhode Island on June 24, 1827 and was a member of Pawtucket Chapter No. 4 at Pawtucket, R.I. d. Dec. 5, 1874.

Pope Benedict XIV (1675-1758) Anti-mason who issued a Papal Bull on May 18, 1751, renewing and perpetuating that of his predecessor which excommunicated all Freemasons (see Pope Clement XII). His real name was Prospero Lambertini and he served as Pope from 1740, succeeding Clement XII, to his death in 1758. He greatly encouraged education, literature and science and was liberal in his policy toward foreign powers. He was, however, an implacable enemy of secret societies.

William L. Benedict Surgeon, president of staff of Mayo Clinic 193234. b. Feb. 13, 1885 at Springport, Ind. Received M.D. degree at University of Michigan in 1912. In private practice until 1917 when he went with the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. as head of section of Ophthalmology. Member of Rochester Lodge No. 21 and Halcyon Chapter No. 8, R.A.M., both of Rochester, Minn.

Eduard Benes (1884-1948) President of Czechoslovakia. Educated in universities of Prague, Paris, and Dujon. A disciple of Masaryk, he worked in Paris with him from 1915-19 in Czech nationalist movement. He was Czech delegate at peace conference in 1919-20 and first foreign minister of Czechoslovakia from 1918-35 and prime minister from 1921-22. He was co-founder of the Little Entente. Elected president of Czechoslovakia in 1935, he resigned in October, 1938 on German occupation of Sudetenland. Was appointed professor of sociology at the University of Chicago in 1939. President of the Czechoslovak government in exile with headquarters in England from 1939-45, returning to Czechoslovakia in March, 1945 and was re-elected president in 1946. Buried in the garden of his country home at Sezimovo Usti, September 10, 1948, with both Catholic and Protestant services. When elected President of Czechoslovakia, he withdrew from Masonic activities, but remained interested in the fraternity and rendered his full moral and financial support in London where the National Grand Lodge of Czechoslovakia in Exile was established as well as the Comenius in Exile Lodge. Benes was initiated in the Jan Amos Komensky Lodge No. 1 of Prague (the oldest modern Czechoslovak lodge) about 1924-25 and he later became a member of Pravda Vitezi (Truth Shall Prevail) Lodge of Prague, being passed and raised in the latter about 1927-28.

Conrado Benitez Philippine statesman, serving under Quezon. Helped write the Philippine constitution. A past grand master of the Philippines. Appointed a member of the Philippine delegation to the Manila Treaty Conference by President Magsaysay. A 33° AASR, he served for a time as acting sovereign grand commander. Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Philippine Woman's University, president of the Y.M.C.A. and director of the Rotary Club of Manila.

Louis Benjamin (1883-?) Newspaper publisher. b. London, England, Nov. 8, 1883 and brought to the U.S. as a child. Publisher of the Erie (Pa.) Dispatch-Herald from 1925. Became president of Benjamin Advertising Corp. in 1913 and was president of the Erie Dispatch-Herald Broadcasting Corp. A director of Zem Zem Shrine Hospital for children and member of board of governors of B'nai B'rith. Mason. Deceased.

Aleksandr Khristoforovich Benkendorf (or Benckendorff) (1783-1844) Russian general and statesman. Family was originally German. He engaged in campaigns against Napoleon in 1813-15 and became Chief of Gendarmes under Nicholas I. Nicholas I banned Freemasonry in an edict dated April 21, 1826 just as his predecessor Alexander I q.v. had on Aug. 1, 1822. Benkendorf was a member of the Lodge of United Friends in Petersburg.

Winthrop W. Benner Rubber executive. b. Minneapolis, Minn. March 25, 1881. President of National Synthetic Rubber Corp. from 1942 until retirement in 1948. Began as chemist for Oliver Iron Mining Co. in 1903 and later with Zenith Furnace Co., Atikokan Iron Co., production superintendent for Firestone Tire and Rubber Co. from 1909-14 and vice president of Lee Rubber Tire Corp. from 1915-26. Mason.

Augustus W. Bennet Lawyer, congressman. b. Oct. 7, 1897 in New York City. Graduated from Amherst and Columbia Universities. Admitted to N.Y. bar in 1921 and practiced since in Newburgh, N.Y. Member of the 79th Congress (1945-47) from 29th N.Y. district. Served in Navy Air Corps in WW1. A past district deputy grand master of the Grand Lodge of New York. Member of Hudson River Lodge No. 607, Newburgh, N.Y., serving as master in 1930. Member of Highland Chapter, R.A.M. No. 52, Newburgh and Tall Cedars of Lebanon.

William S. Bennet Lawyer, congressman. b. Port Jervis, N.Y., Nov. 9, 1870. Member of 59th to 61st Congresses (1905-11) from 17th N.Y. district and 64th Congress (1915-17) from 23rd N.Y. district. Declined appointment as U.S. District Judge in 1906. Assistant treasurer of the United States in 1911; appraiser of Port of New York in 1912; assistant attorney general of U.S. in 1929; delegate to state constitutional convention in 1938; member of the U.S. Immigration Commission 1907-10. He moved to Chicago in 1920 as vice president and general counsel of Edward Hines lumber interests, returning to New York City in 1933 where he resumed practice. Mason and 32° AASR.

Andrew C. Bennett Rear Admiral, U.S. Navy. b. Goodland, Kansas. Graduated from U.S. Naval Academy in 1912 advancing from ensign to rear admiral in 1942. He commanded submarines and submarine units for 24 years, also serving on battleships and cruisers. Commanded light cruiser U.S.S. Savannah from 1940-42; unit commander at Oran, Algeria area of invasion of North Africa in WW2. Commandant of 8th Naval District Hdqs. in New Orleans from 1943. Mason, 32° AASR. Deceased.

Burton E. Bennett (1863-?) Lawyer, who as early district attorney for Alaska secured first convictions in that territory for murder, adultery and illicit sale of intoxicants; secured 99 convictions out of 101 cases in spring term of 1898. b. April 17, 1863 at Brookfield, N.Y., he received three degrees from Cornell University. Practiced law in New York but early moved to Seattle, Washington. Mason.

Caleb P. Bennett (1758-1836) Governor of Delaware. b. Nov. 11, 1758 in Chester Co., Pa. He entered the Delaware regiment of the Revolution as a private and rose to 1st lieutenant, serving in the Battle of Brandywine and was wounded at Germantown. At Valley Forge during winter of 1777 and in command of battery at surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown. In the War of 1812 he was a major of the Delaware State Militia. His grandmother was Mary Boone, daughter of the famous Daniel Boone. He was governor of Delaware from 1832-36. He adhered to the old fashioned style of dress, low shoes, silver knee and shoe buckles, long silk stockings, white breeches, velvet coat with brass buttons, ruffled shirt bosom, powdered hair and cue. He was raised in Lodge No. 14 at Christina Ferry, Del., Jan. 16, 1781. d. July 11, 1836.

Charles E. Bennett Lawyer, congressman. b. Dec. 2, 1910 at Canton, N.Y. Graduated University of Florida in 1934 and admitted to Florida bar that year, since practicing in Jacksonville. Member of Florida State Legislature in 1941 and member of 81st Congress (1949-51) from 2nd Florida dist. Served in south Pacific in WW2, advancing from private to captain. Member of Riverside Lodge No. 266, Jacksonville, Fla.

Charles Edwin Bennett Public utilities executive. b. May 21, 1888 at Ft. Collins, Colo. Graduated University of Wisconsin in 1912. President and director of the following companies: Manufacturers Light and Heat Co., Natural Gas Co. of W. Va., Cumberland & Allegheny Gas Co., Home Gas Co., Binghamton Gas Works, The Keystone Gas Co., Inc., Eastern Pipe Line Co., Gettysburg Gas Corp. Mason.

Charles H. Bennett President of Daisy Manufacturing Co. (air rifles) since 1920. b. Plymouth, Mich., July 27, 1863. Began as salesman for Daisy Co. at Plymouth, Mich. in 1888. Was vice president from 1888-1920. Mason. Charles R. Bennett (?-1855) His tombstone bears the inscription "Capt. Charles Bennett was discoverer of gold in California." He came to California as a mule hostler with General Fremont, q.v., in 1845. While satering his mules at their camp on the American River, in what is now El Dorado Co., he picked up a small nugget which he recognized as gold. He showed it to Fremont who paid little attention to the incident. Bennett afterwards moved to Oregon, but in company with Stephen Staat and James W. Marshall, returned to Calif. and was employed by Sutter to assist Marshall in the construction of the mill at Coloma. Bennett was present at Coloma when Marshall picked up the piece of gold which precipitated the gold rush. Staat said that Bennett picked up the original piece of gold before Marshall saw it. As soon as Sutter recognized the extent of the discovery at his mill, he sent Bennett to Monterey in an effort to induce Governor Mason to lease him the land surrounding the mill with mineral rights. The governor refused, believing the land was still held under Mexican law. After mining for some time on the lode Bennett returned to Oregon with a large quantity of gold and built the first hotel in Salem, located where the present Masonic temple stands today. Hotel keeping was a little tame for him, and soon he became captain of the Salem Oregon Mounted Rifles, and while leading the company in the Yakima Indian War, he was killed at Walla Walla in 1855. His body was returned to Salem where it was interred with Masonic honors by Salem Lodge No. 4. Bennett was the first candidate to have been initiated in that lodge. Name on original petition is spelled "Bennet".

Granville G. Bennett Bishop, Protestant Episcopal church. b. Nov. 28, 1882 at Deadwood, S.D. Degrees from University of Nebraska, Seabury Divinity School and Brown University. Priested in 1907, he served in Faribault, Minn., Holdrege, Nebr., Bozeman, Mont., Great Falls, Mont., and Minneapolis, Minn. He was bishop coadjutor of Duluth from 1920-22 and bishop of Duluth from 1922-32 when he became auxiliary bishop of R.I. In 1946 he was named bishop of R.I. Mason.

Henry G. Bennett College president. b. Dec. 14, 1886 in Nevada Co., Ark. College degrees from Ouachita College, University of Oklahoma and Columbia University. Has served as president of Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College since 1928. Previous to that he had served as superintendent of schools of Choctaw County, Okla. and at Hugo, Okla. He was president of Southeastern State Teachers College from 19191928. Mason.

Philip A. Bennett (1881-1942) Congressman. b. March 5, 1881 in Dallas Co., Mo. Began as school teacher in 1899 and was publisher of the Buffalo (Mo.) Reflex from 1904-21. Served as state senator, 19th dist. of Mo. 192125 and lieutenant governor of Mo. from 1925-29. Was a member of the 77th Congress (1941-43) from 6th Mo. dist. Director of O'Bannon Banking Co. from 1919-36. Died Dec. 7, 1942 at Springfield, Mo. Mason.

Richard Bedford Bennett (18701947) Prime minister of Canada. Statesman, minister of justice and attorney general 1921, served as prime minister from 1930 to 1935. Viscount Bennett was raised in Miramichi Lodge No. 18 at Chatham, N.B., and affiliated with Ashlar Lodge No. 28, Calgary, Alta., on April 14, 1910.

Robert R. Bennett (1865-1933) Explorer, lawyer. b. Dec. 12, 1865 at Toledo, Ohio. LL.B. from George Washington Univ. in 1904. Served as special agent of the U.S. Dept. of Justice in 1917 as well as confidential agent of War Dept. Later a captain of Intelligence, General Staff. Sent on confidential mission to Central America in 1919 and conducted expedition to Yucatan, exploring ancient ruins for Museum of American Indian, N.Y. in 1930. Mason. d. Dec. 12, 1933.

Thomas Bennett Governor of South Carolina who was a member of Solomons Lodge No. 1, Charleston, S.C.

Henry A. Benning Business executive. b. Aug. 8, 1882 at Lyons, N.Y. President and general manager of Amalgamated Sugar Co., Ogden Transit Co. Director of First Security Bank, Mountain States Implement Co., Utah Power and Light Co. and U.S. Beet Sugar Assn. Residence, Ogden, Utah. Mason and Shriner.

Pierre L. L. Benoit (1834-1901) Belgian composer and director of Antwerp Conservatory of Music. A leader in Flemish musical circles, composing oratorios, operas, cantatas, religious dramas, hymns and songs. A Freemason according to Cock's Dictiarmaire Macanique, published in Brussels.

August Benson Clothing manufacturer. b. Nov. 29, 1892 at Simrishamm, Sweden. Vice president and designer of Richmond Bros. (clothiers), Cleveland, Ohio, since 1922. Earlier he was designer for Society Brand Clothes of Chicago. Mason, Knight Templar and Shriner.

Carville D. Benson (1872-1929) Congressman from 2nd Maryland dist. b. Baltimore Co., Md. Aug. 24, 1872. Received law degree from Baltimore Univ. and practiced at Baltimore from 1893. Served in Maryland's lower house of legislature from 1904-10 inclusive and again in 1918, beingspeaker in 1906. Member of Maryland Senate 1912-14 and served in 65th and 66th Congress. Mason. Died Feb. 8, 1929.

Elmer A. Benson U.S. Senator and governor of Minnesota. Raised in Appleton Lodge No. 137, Appleton, Minn. on Jan. 3, 1917.

William E. Benswanger Insurance and baseball executive. b. Feb. 22, 1892 at New York. In insurance business from 1911-31 and in baseball from 1931 to 1946. President, treasurer and director of Forbes Field Co.; director of the National League and former president of the Pittsburgh Pirates (he sold in 1946). Served in Air Service (balloon) during WW1. Now devotes himself to many musical activities. Director of Pittsburgh Symphony Society, president of Pittsburgh Concert Society and has written extensively on music. Has been annotator of the Pittsburgh Symphony since 1926. A member of Lodge No. 45 and Zerubbabel Chapter No. 162 of Pittsburgh as well as Islam Grotto.

Charles Bent 1799-1847) Pioneer and first American governor of New Mexico. b. at Charleston, Va. (now W. Va.) November 11, 1799. His father, Judge Silas Bent, emigrated to St. Louis, Mo. in 1806 and became a famous Missouri jurist. Both were members of Missouri Lodge No. 1, Charles being initiated on June 8, 1822. He attended West Point, but resigned from the army to engage in the fur trade in Colorado and New Mexico. With his brother, William, and Ceran St. Vrain, organized a trading company and built an adobe fort known as Bent's Fort on the bank of the Arkansas River where the Santa Fe Trail crossed. When New Mexico was formed into a territory, he was named as first governor and thereby was ex-officio superintendent of Indian Affairs. He left Santa Fe for Taos on Jan. 14, 1846 to return his family after hearing rumors of Mexican and Indian uprisings. Reaching Taos on Jan. 18 he was shot, and scalped while still alive in an Indian-Mexican raid of that evening. He was closely associated with Kit Carson q.v.

Alvin M. Bentley Congressman and foreign service officer. b. Aug. 20, 1918 at Portland, Me. Graduated from Univ. of Michigan in 1940. Was a foreign service officer in Mexico City, 1942-44; Bogata, Colombia, 1945-46; Budapest, Hungary, 1947-49; and Rome, Italy 1949-50. Vice president of Lake Huron Broadcasting Co., Saginaw, Mich. since 1952. Member of U.S. Congress from 8th Dist. Mich. since 1953. Member of Owosso Lodge No. 81, Owosso Chapter No. 89, R.A.M., Owosso Comrnandery No. 49, K.T. all of Owosso, Mich. 32° AASR (NJ) in Bay City, Mich. and Elf Khurafeh Shrine Temple of Saginaw, Mich.

George A. Benton ( 1848 -1921) Judge. b. May 7, 1848 at Tolland, Conn. Admitted to N.Y. bar in 1874. Served as justice of Supreme Court of N.Y. from 1907-1918 when he was retired by age and appointed official referee. Mason. Died Sept. 10, 1921.

Joseph Horace Benton (see Joseph Bentonelli) Thomas Hart Benton (1782-1858) U.S. Senator from Missouri, 1821-51. Defender of sound money; supported Jackson q.v. in his campaign against the national bank; often called "Old Bullion." In slavery issue he opposed secession, which resulted in his defeat in 1850 for another senate term. He did return to Washington from 1853-55 as congressman. His political autobiography is contained in his Thirty Years' View. His daughter, Jessie, married John C. Fremont q.v. and his nephew and namesake q.v. became a Civil War general andgrand master of Iowa. Benton was a charter member of Missouri Lodge No. 1 at St. Louis until the anti-Masonic days of 1831 when he withdrew for political reasons. Painter Thomas Hart Benton is his grandnephew.

Thomas Hart Benton (1816-1879) Civil War general. b. Sept. 5, 1816 in Williamson Co., Tenn. Nephew of Missouri senator of same name q.v. Raised July 16, 1849 in Iowa City Lodge No. 4, Iowa City, Iowa and later a member of Bluff City Lodge No. 71, Council Bluffs, Iowa. Served as grand master of Iowa from 186062. As a Union general he saved the valuable Masonic library of Confederate General Albert Pike q.v. by placing a guard of Federal troops around Pike's Little Rock, Ark. home. d. April 10, 1879 at St. Louis, Mo.

William P. Benton (1828-1867) Brigadier general (Union) in Civil War. b. Dec. 25, 1828 Newmarket, Md. When 18 years old, enlisted as a private in Mexican War and fought at Contreras, Churubusco, Chapultepec and Mexico City. Returning to home at Richmond, Ind. he re-entered college and was admitted to bar in 1851. Early volunteer for Civil War and raised first company from Wayne Co., Ind. Fought battles at Pea Ridge, Port Gibson, Jackson, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, Vicksburg and Mobile. At close of war he returned to Richmond and resumed practice of law. He was a member of Webb Lodge No. 24 at Richmond, Ind. and King Solomon Chapter No. 4. d. March 14, 1867 at New Orleans, La.

Joseph Bentonelli (Joseph Horace Benton) Lyric tenor. b. Sept. 10, 1898 at Kansas City, Mo. Holds three degrees from Univ. of Oklahoma and later studied with Jean de Reszke. Made debut in Don Giovanni at Nice, France in 1924 and created the world premieres of two operas—// Vassallo at Trieste in 1930 and Cecilia at Rome in 1934. Was with the Chicago Civic Opera in 1934 and made debut with Metropolitan Opera in 1936, when he took the lead on 33 hours notice. Has been tenor of the Metropolitan Opera Quartet since 1936. In 1934 he was voted one of Italy's four most popular tenors by the Italian Fascist Society of Musicians. Has served as advisor to dept. of voice at University of Oklahoma since 1944. In 1934 he was the star on three major radio hours of the NBC and guest on seven other radio hours. He gives yearly concert tours from coast-to-coast. Raised in Norman Lodge No. 38, Norman, Okla. on Nov. 22, 1920 and received 32° at Guthrie, Okla. Oct. 24, 1940. Present home is Norman, Okla.

Lloyd Bentsen Congressman, judge. b. Feb. 11, 1921 at Mission, Texas. LL.B. Univ. of Texas in 1942. Practiced law at McAllen, Tex. from 1945-1948; judge of Hidalgo Co., Texas from 1946-48. Elected member of 80th Congress in 1948 to fill unexpired term. Member of 81st Congress (194951) from 15th Texas dist. Entered WW2 as private and rose to major in 1945. Served in European theater as squadron commander of bombers. Mason and Shriner.

Paul F. Berdanier Artist. b. March 7, 1879 at Frackville, Pa. Illustrator for St. Louis Post-Dispatch from 190218. Painted St. Louis Veiled Prophet Ball in permanent collection of Missouri Historical Society; Canal at Moret, France in permanent collection, Museum of Fine Arts, Foret, France; six etchings on aviation themes in permanent collection of National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.; four etchings (satire) in John Vanderpoel Memorial Museum, Chicago; 19 etchings in permanent collection of New York Public Library; one etching in Library of Congress. Now a cartoonist with United Feature Syndicate, Inc. Mason.

Victor L. Berger (1860-1929) Socialist leader and editor. Born in Austria and came to United States in 1879, settling in Milwaukee, Wis. Edited the Milwaukee Daily Vorwaerts from 1892-98, the Social Democrat Herald in 1900 and Leader (socialist daily) from 1911. Berger, a pioneer in U.S. organizing Socialists, became a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1911-13, being the first Socialist elected to Congress. He was elected again in 1918 and 1919, but excluded by Congress on the ground of disloyalty to the United States (1919). He was finally elected and seated in 1923, serving until 1929. He was sentenced to prison for 20 years on charge of giving aid and comfort to the enemy in time of war, (1918-19) but the sentence was reversed by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1921. He was raised in Aurora Lodge No. 30, Milwaukee, Wis. on Feb. 26, 1889.

George E. Bergstrom Architect. b. March, 1876 at Neenah, Wis. B.S. in architecture from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1899. After 14 years with architectural firms, went into business alone in 1913. Chief architect of The Pentagon, War Department building in Washington, D.C., 1942. Also chief architect of the Pasadena Civic Auditorium; the Los Angeles County Hospital; Los Angeles Hall of Justice; Los Angeles Museum of History, Science and Art. Served as president of the Los Angeles Housing Commission in 1916; editor of the Uniform Building Code, State of California 1938-39; chief consulting architect to U.S. War Department in 1941. Mason.

Randolph C. Berkeley Brigadier general, U.S. Marine Corps. A Mason and Sojourner.

Richard C. Berkinshaw President and general manager of Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. of Canada, Ltd. b. Sept. 2, 1891 at Toronto, Ontario. Graduated in law, 1916 and has been with Goodyear since 1920. Has served in capacities as assistant secretary, secretary, general counsel, assistant to president, and treasurer. Also vice president and director of The Goodyear Improvement Co., Ltd.; Toronto Elevators Ltd. and chairman of board of Easy Washing Machine Co., Ltd. Other directorates include Bank or Montreal, Mutual Life Assurance Co., Crown Trust Co., Phoenix Assurance Co. Raised in Georgina Lodge No. 343, Toronto on Nov. 2, 1929 and also charter member of Kingsway Lodge No. 565, Lamberton Mills, Ont. Past master of his mother lodge. Past grand senior warden of grand lodge and presently member of the board of general purposes and chairman of the audit and finance committee, Grand Lodge of Canada. Life member of both St. Patrick's Chapter No. 145, R.A.M. and Cyrene Preceptory. 33° AASR in Moore Consistory, Hamilton, Ont. and Rameses Shrine Temple.

Irving Berlin Composer. b. May 11, 1888 in Russia, the son of Moses and Leah (Lipkin) Baline, who brought him to the United States in 1893. His only education was two years in the public schools of New York City. Served in WW1 as infantry sergeant at Camp Upton, N.Y. Is president of the Irving Berlin Music Corporation. Among his most famous compositions are: Alexander's Ragtime Band, A Pretty Girl Is Like a Melody, Easter Parade, Blue Skies, 0, How I Hate to Get Tip in the Morning, White Christmas, God Bless America, All Alone, Remember, Always, Russian Lullaby, Because I Love You. On several songs he has turned over all royalties to a foundation to assist youth in "less chance" areas. He received the first three degrees of Freemasonry in Munn Lodge No. 190, New York City on May 12, May 26 and June 3, 1910, becoming a life memberof the lodge on December 12, 1935. Berlin received the 32° AASR (N.J.) on December 23, 1910 and was initiated into Mecca Shrine Temple on January 30, 1911, becoming a life member of the Shrine in December, 1936.

Morton M. Berman Rabbi, Temple Isaiah Israel, Chicago, since 1937. b. Aug. 23, 1899 at Baltimore, Md. Degrees from Yale, Jewish Institute of Religion and studied in Palestine, France and Germany. From 1927 to 1937 was rabbi at temples in Davenport, Iowa and New York City. With 6th Marine division at Okinawa as chaplain, U.S.N.R. during WW2. Author of A Jew's View of the Crucifixion, Role of the Rabbi and other works. Mason and 32° AASR (NJ).

Remigio Morales Bermudez (18361894) President of Peru from 189094, dying in office. Previously he was a military leader and general. Mason.

Jean Baptiste J. Bernadotte (see Charles XIV John, King of Sweden) John Charles Bernadotte (see Charles XV, King of Sweden) David Bernard Anti-Mason. An expelled member who had received degrees up to "Intimate Secretary," and in 1829 published a pretended expose entitled Light on Masonry. The book was one of the fruits of the anti-Masonic excitement of that period. It was a worthless production, intended as a libel on the craft.

Max Bernd-Cohen Artist, lecturer and critic. b. May 7, 1899 at Macon, Ga. Graduated from Columbia Univ. B.A. and LL.B. and studied art in Paris and Madrid. Painter of portraits, landscapes and murals. Has held one-man expositions in Madrid; Morgan Galleries, New York; Durand Ruel Galleries of New York and Paris; Boyer Galleries, Philadelphia, and Del Gado Museum at New Orleans. Among his murals have been the Florida building at Chicago Century of Progress Exposition and The Sermon on the Mount for the First Methodist Church of Canon City, Colo. Served in WW1 and with the American Red Cross in Pacific during WW2. Mason.

Ben Bernie (1893-1943) Orchestra leader and entertainer. b. May 31, 1893 at Bayonne, N.J. He first studied engineering and later became a violin salesman but switched to vaudeville in 1910. His real name was Abramowitz and he was known to his radio audiences as the "Old Maestro." From 1914-1917 he teamed up with Phil Baker. From 1923-1928 he was an orchestra leader in New York and later in London. Bernie served as master of ceremonies on many radio shows during his day. d. Oct. 20, 1943. He was a member of Keystone Lodge No. 235, New York City.

Armand Berquin (1750-1791) French literary man called "The Friend of the Children." Bulletin of the International Masonic Congress of 1917 lists him as a Freemason.

Berridge, H. H. British General. Present at the consecration of Lodge of Aviation in London on Sept. 5, 1952.

George L. Berry (1882-1948) Union official and U.S. Senator. b. Sept. 12, 1882 at Lee Valley, Tenn. Started to work at age of 9% years with the Jackson Evening News (Miss.), and held every position in printing offices of various cities including St. Louis, Omaha, Denver, San Francisco. Was president of the International Pressmen and Assistants Union of North America from 1907 until his death. Organized the movement and built the Pressmen's Home in Tennessee where he died on Dec. 4, 1948. Appointed U.S. Senator from Tenn. May 7, 1937 to fill unexpired term of Nathan L. Bachman. Private, 3rd Marines (Miss.) in Spanish-American War.; major AEF during WW1. Delegate to Britain representing A.F. of L. to British Trades Union Congress, Newport, Wales in 1912; delegate to International Economic Congress in Zurich, 1912; delegate to International Printer's Congress, Stuttgart, Germany in 1912. One of the founders of the American Legion and past national vice commander. Defeated by three votes for vice presidential nomination in 1924 and declined to have name submitted in 1928. Mason, Knight Templar and Shriner. Honorary member of St. Brides Lodge of England. d. Dec. 4, 1948.

Hiram G. Berry (1824-1863) Union Major General in Civil War. b. Aug. 27, 1824 at Thomaston (now Rockland) Maine. Learned the carpenter's trade as well as navigation. Served as mayor of Rockland and organized a company of volunteers. At beginning of Civil War he entered as a colonel of the 4th Maine Infantry and took part in the battles of Bull Run, Yorktown, Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, 2nd Bull Run and Chantilly. Had risen to the rank of major general when he was killed at battle of Chancellorsville on May 2, 1863. His orders on that date were "Go in, general; throw your men into the breach; don't fire a shot—they can't see you!" Berry was junior deacon of Aurora Lodge No. 50, Rockland, Maine.

James D. Berry, Jr. Oil producer and cattle breeder. b. March 25, 1914. An oil producer in the Penn. field since 1934. A breeder of registered Guernsey cattle, Titusville, Pa. since 1939. A director of Quaker State Oil Refining Corp. since 1940. Secretary and director of Oil City National Bank since 1945. Member of Fraternal Lodge No. 483, Rouseville, Pa.; Oil City Chapter No. 236, R.A.M. and Talbot Commandery No. 43, K.T. all of Oil City. Served as commander of his commandery. 32° AASR (SJ) at New Castle, Pa. and member of Zem Zem Shrine Temple, Erie, Pa.

Kearie L. Berry Brigadier General, U.S. Army. b. July 6, 1893 at Denton, Texas. Attended University of Texas and officer's training camp, commissioned 2nd lieutenant of infantry on Aug. 15, 1917, advancing through grades to brigadier general (Temp.) on Jan. 18, 1946. Served on Mexican Border in 1916 and during WW1 in Siberia, Philippines and Hawaii. Later in China, and back to Philippines where at outbreak of WW2 he commanded 1st Philippine division until captured at Bataan on April 9, 1942. Prisoner of war in Luzon, Formosa, Kyushu and Manchuria until Aug. 20, 1945. He was appointed adjutant general of Texas in 1947 and major general of Texas National Guard in August, 1947. Retired from regular army as brigadier general in June, 1947. Received first two degrees in Southern Cross Lodge No. 6, Manila, P.I. and 3rd in Schofield Barracks Lodge No. 443, T.H. in 1921, transferring to Fort Benning Lodge No. 579 in 1926. Received 32° AASR (SJ) in Salina, Kansas in 1946 and transferred to Austin, Tex. in 1947. Member of Ben Hur Shrine Temple, Austin, Tex. and Court 35, Royal Order of Jesters.

Thomas M. Berry Governor of South Dakota from 1933 to 1937. Member of White River Lodge No. 181, White River, S. Dak. and received 32° AASR (SJ) in Oriental Consistory at Yankton, S. Dak. in May, 1933. d. Oct. 30, 1956.

Clifford K. Berryman (1869-1949) Cartoonist. b. April 2, 1869 at Versailles, Ky. He was self-taught in drawing and received an honorary A.M. from George Washington Univ. in 1921. He started as a draftsman in the U.S. Patent Office in 1886 and turned to general illustrating in 1891,switching to cartooning in 1896. Was with the Washington Post from 18961907, going to the Washington Evening Star on Feb. 1, 1907 where he remained until his death. He was the originator of "Teddy Bear" and winner of the Pulitzer Prize in 1943. He is the author of Berryman's Cartoons of the 58th House (probably the only cartoonist who has cartooned every member of any one Congress). He was a past master of Temple Noyes Lodge No. 32 of Washington, D.C., a Knight Templar and Shriner. d. Dec. 11, 1949.

William A. Berryman Vice president of Gulf Oil Corp. b. Jan. 22, 1892 at Enterprise, Va. With the Gulf interests since 1933, first in the European marketing field, then as assistant to the vice president and then vice president since 1949. He is also vice president of Gulf European Co., Gulf Exploration Co., Gulf Refining Co. and Gulf Research and Development Co. Is a director of 11 Gulf foreign oil companies. Mason.

Paul Bert (1833-1886) French physiologist and politician. Governor general of Annam and Tonkin (1886) and author of scientific works, includ- ing Lecons d'Anatomie et de Physiologie Animales (1885). International Masonic Congress Bulletin of 1917 lists him as a Freemason.

Bartholomew Berthold (1780-1831) Pioneer fur trader who helped lay foundation for the American Fur Company. b. in 1780 in the city of Trent, Tyrol, a province of Austria that is now part of Italy. He came to Philadelphia in 1798 and in 1809 moved to St. Louis, Mo. with a stock of goods and entered business with Rene Paul. On Dec. 27, 1809 he joined Louisiana Lodge No. 109 at St. Genevieve, Missouri's first lodge. The lodge was chartered by Pennsylvania and records show that on June 2, 1810, dues from the lodge in the amount of $32.49 were delivered to the Grand Secretary of Pennsylvania by Berthold. He withdrew from the lodge on June 9, 1812, the records noting that he had "withdrawn and removed." He was married to Pelagie, the only daughter of Major Pierre Chouteau, Sr. and in 1812 built a brick house and store building on Main St. in St. Louis—the first west of the Mississippi river. In the same year he formed a partnership with his brother-in-law, Peter Chouteau, Jr. q.v. under the name of Berthold & Chouteau. To this firm they added two partners, John P. Cabanne and Bernard Pratte, Sr. This firm was later combined with the Columbia Fur Company under John Jacob Astor q.v. as the great American Fur Company. d. April 20, 1831.

Julius Bertin Actor who played the role of "Abie" in Abie's Irish Rose on the New York stage. He was a member of St. Cecile Lodge No. 568, and Corinthian Chapter No. 159, R.A.M. of New York City. d. Oct. 3, 1945.

Abbe Bertolio French Roman Catholic abbe who was a member of the Lodge Social Contract of the Grand Orient of France and the first master of the adoptive lodge (for both sexes) formed by that lodge. His co-officer in the adoptive lodge was Princess Lamballe q.v., who served as the first Grand Mistress when the lodge was formed in 1780.

Francisco Bertrand President of Honduras from 1913-15 and again from 1916-20. Was initiated in the Lodge Francisco Morazan.

Antonio Luis Berutti (1772-1846) Argentine patriot who as a colonel distinguished himself in many military engagements and became successively, governor of the province of Santa Fe and Tucuman and minister of war after the formation of the new country. Mason.

Jons Jakob Berzelius (1779-1848) Swedish chemist and baron. Taught medicine, pharmacy and chemistry at Stockholm from 1807. Created a baron in 1835 because of scientific achievements. He determined the atomic and molecular weights of many substances, using oxygen as a standard. He discovered the elements selenium, cerium and thorium and first isolated columbium and silicon. He was initiated in 1805 in St. John's Lodge St. Erik, at Stockholm.

Sir Walter Besant (1836-1901) English novelist. Educated in King's College, London and Christ's College, Cambridge. Was co-author with James Rice of a series of novels including Ready-Money Mortiboy (1872) and The Seamy Side (1881). Sole author of All Sorts and Conditions of Men (1882) and Children of Gibeon (1886). He was raised in Mauritius Lodge in 1862 and became master of Marquis of Dalhousie Lodge No. 1159, London, in 1873. He conceived the idea of establishing a lodge of research and as a result became one of the founders of the famous Quatuor Coronati Lodge No. 2076 of London, serving as its treasurer at one time. d. Hempstead, England, June 10, 1901.

Dale P. Bessire Artist. b. May 14, 1892 at Columbus, Ohio. His paintings represented in the Indiana building at Chicago Century of Progress; Gary, Lafayette and Indianapolis public schools; Muncie Indiana Art Assoc.; Ball collection of Indiana Univ.; public library at Bedford; DePauw Univ.; and others. His works have won numerous art awards through the years. Raised in Nashville Lodge No. 135, Nashville, Ind., Sept. 1, 1917.

William N. Best Brigadier General, U.S. Marine Corps. b. July 14, 1887 at Los Angeles, Calif. Served in WW1 as 2nd lieutenant Marines and advanced through grades to brigadier general in 1946. Service included United States, Haiti, Hawaii, Santo Domingo, China, Nicaragua, Philippines, Cuba and at sea with fleet. He retired Dec. 1, 1946. Mason.

William T. Best (1826-1897) Famous English organist who edited the works of Handel and Bach and was a composer of anthems and fugues. Mason.

James A. Bethea Major General, Army Medical Corps. b. Oct. 30, 1887 in Marion Co., S.C. Received M.D. degree from Tulane Univ. in 1913 and graduated from Army Medical School in 1917. A director of the 4th Division Field Hospital in WW1, rising through the grades to major general in 1948. Now chief surgeon of Far East Command, Tokyo, Japan. Mason.

Edwin S. Bettelheim, Jr. b. April 11, 1887 at New York City. B.S., Columbia Univ. 1911, LL.B. George Washington Univ. 1924, LL.M., 1925, A.B., 1926, A.M., 1927. Graduate of Command and General Staff School, 1938. Served in Mexican Border conflict and WW1 in field artillery, rising to colonel. He became assistant chief of staff of the military district of Washington and military analyst of the U.S. Dept. of State as well as biographer of the Inter-American Military Association. Has been adjutant general and executive officer of the Order of World Wars since 1931. Headed expedition in 1929 to northern Russia to search for and return the bodies of Americans lost in the Polar Bear Campaign. A past president of the National Sojourners and past commander of the Heroes of '76 (both Masonic military organizations). Past grand master of the Grand Lodge of the District of Columbia. Shriner and Knight Templar.

Jackson E. Betts Congressman from 8th Dist. of Ohio in 82nd, 83rd and 84th Congresses (1951-1957). b. May 26, 1904 at Findlay, Ohio. Law-yer, member of General Assembly of Ohio from 1937-47, serving as house speaker in 1945-46. Member of the Judicial Council of Ohio, 1941-45. Raised in Findlay Lodge No. 227, Findlay, Ohio in 1931. Member of Findlay Chapter No. 58, R.A.M. and Findlay Council No. 50 R. & S.M. 32° AASR (NJ) in Toledo.

James A. Betts (1853-1928) Justice, Supreme Court of New York, 1898-1912, 3rd judicial district and associate justice of the appellate division, 1910-12. b. March 18, 1853 at Broadalbin, N.Y. After serving as a school principal for two years, he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1880, practicing at Kingston. Mason.

Frank A. Beu Educator and president of Western Illinois State Teachers College at Macomb, Ill., since 1942. b. Sept. 2, 1898 at Huntley, Ill. B.A. and M.A. degrees from Northwestern Univ. and Ph.D. from Univ. of Chicago. Taught and served as administrator in Illinois public schools and in 1928 became professor of education at Eastern Illinois State Teachers' College, serving until 1933 when he became dean. Raised in Hebron Lodge No. 604, Hebron, Ill. Received 32° at Quincy, Ill. in 1947. Member of O.E.S. in Hebron.

Pierre de Reil, Marquis of Beurnonville (1752-1821) Marshal of France. He served as minister of war in 1793, ambassador to Berlin in 1800, ambassador to Madrid in 1802. In 1814 he supported Louis XVIII and was named marshal in 1816. He was a zealous Freemason and became grand master "adjoint" in the Grand Orient of France.

Albert P. Beutel Business executive. b. Nov. 13, 1892 at Cleveland, Ohio. Started with Dow Chemical Co. in 1914 as draftsman. General manager of the Texas division of Dow

91 Thomas D. Beven Chemical Co. at Freeport, Texas since 1940; director and assistant secretary of Dow Chemical Co.; president and director of Dowell, Inc., Midland, Mich.; vice president and director of Dow Magnesium Corp. Mason.

Thomas D. Beven President and director of Elgin, Joliet and Eastern Railway Co. since 1946. b. Dec. 23, 1898 at New Orleans, La. Started with the Central and Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway companies in 1912. Served in U.S. Marine Corps in WW1. Mason and Shriner.

Albert J. Beveridge (1862-1927) U.S. Senator and historian. b. in Highland Co., Ohio. Served as member of U.S. Senate from Indiana from 18991911 and was a supporter of Theodore Roosevelt and his policies. He was the author of The Life of John Marshall (2 vols., 1916, 1919). Member of Oriental Lodge No. 500, Indianapolis, Ind.

Frank Stanley Beveridge (18791956) Founder of Stanley Home Products, Inc. b. April 17, 1879 at Yarmouth, N.S. From 1904-09 he was a photographers' representative. Became associated with the Fuller Brush Company in 1913 and rose to vice president in charge of sales from 1921-29. From 1929-31 he was associate sales manager of Real Silk Hosiery Mills, founding the Stanley Home Products, Inc. in 1931, serving as president until 1950 when he became chairman of the board. Received a citation from Pope Pius XII in 1949. Member of Port Byron Lodge No. 130, New York.

James R. Beverley Governor of Puerto Rico 1932-33. b. June 15, 1894 at Amarillo, Tex. A.B., A.M. and LL.B. from Univ. of Texas and honorary LL.D. from Polytechnic Institute of Puerto Rico. Practiced law in Corpus Christi. Special adviser to Public Service Commission of Puerto Rico from 1925-27; assistant attorney general 1927-28 and attorney general, 1928-32. Acting governor of Puerto Rico various times. Served as officer in field artillery during WW1 and lieutenant commander, U.S. Coast Guard Reserve in WW2. Mason.

Howard L. Bevis Chairman of the President's Committee on Scientists and Engineers from 1956. b. Nov. 19, 1885 at Bevis, Ohio. A.B. and LL.B. from Univ. of Cincinnati; S.J.D. and LL.D. from Harvard. Practiced law from 1910-18. Served as director of finance of Ohio from 1931-33; judge of Ohio Supreme Court, 1933-35; professor of law and government at Harvard, 1935-40 and president of Ohio State Univ. from 1940-56. Raised in McMakin Lodge No. 120, Mt. Healthy, Ohio in 1911 and served as master of same in 1916. York rite memberships in Cincinnati and Columbus. Received AASR (N.J.) in 1921 and 33° in 1942. Member of Syrian Shrine Temple, Cincinnati.

Raymond H. Beyer Engineer and designer. b. Dec. 11, 1902 at South Bend, Ind. An engineer and designer since 1920. Built and flew first airplane in Indiana; designer of amphibian plane in 1920, helicopter in 1943. Has been associated with Dodge Mfg. Corp., Westinghouse, U.S. Airlines, Bendix Aviation, Rockne Motors, Chevrolet Motors, Glen L. Martin, Emerson Electric, South Bend Bait Co., National Pressure Cooker, AC Spark Plug. With Armour Research Foundation since 1950. Mason.

Francois Louis de Beyerle French Masonic writer and member of the French Constitutional Convention of 1792. He was a leading member of the Rite of Strict Observance in which his adopted name was Eques a Fiore. He wrote a criticism on the Masonic Congress of Wilhelmsbad and translated Frederic Nicolai's essay on the Templars.

Osborne Bezanson Vice president and director of Monsanto Chemical Company since 1942. b. Nov. 10, 1888 at Woburn, Mass. Started as chemist with Merrimac Chemical Co. of Woburn, Mass. in 1906 and became vice president in 1930. When Monsanto liquidated Merrimac in 1935 he became assistant vice president of the Everett division. Has served as general manager of the Texas division and the organic chemicals division and a member of the Monsanto executive committee since 1948. Mason.

George M. Bibb (1776-1859) Secretary of Treasury under President Tyler (1844-45). b. Oct. 30, 1776 in Prince Edward Co., Va. He served two terms as U.S. Senator from Kentucky-1811-14 and 1829-35. He was the first master of Russellville Lodge No. 17, Russellville, Ky. and was master of Hiram Lodge No. 4, Frankfort, Ky. He was also past master of Lexington Lodge No. 1 at Lexington, and served as secretary in 1804. In 1804 he was grand master of Kentucky. Past high priest of Frankfort Chapter No. 3, Frankfort, Ky. and was adjunct professor of ancient languages in the primary department of the Masonic College of Kentucky. d. April 14, 1859 at Georgetown, D.C.

Thomas Bibb Governor of Alabama (1820-21). He succeeded his father (Wm. W.) as governor when the latter died in office. Member of George Lodge No. 32, Warminster, Va.